Modified mglur6 promoter and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The invention provides nucleic acids and nucleic acid expression vectors containing optimized mGluR6 promoters for expression of transgenes in the retina. The compositions and methods of the invention are useful for expression of gene products to preserve, improve, or restore phototransduction or vision.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No.16/395,839, filed Apr. 26, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat.Application No. 15/125,066, filed Sep. 9, 2016, now issued on Jun. 4,2019, as U.S. Pat. No. 10,307,492, which is a U.S. National StageApplication, filed under 35 U.S.C. §371, of International ApplicationNo. PCT/US2015/019985, filed Mar. 11, 2015, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/951,360, filed Mar. 11, 2014, thecontents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains an electronic Sequence Listing whichhas been submitted electronically in XML format and is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created onJan. 11, 2023, is named 60650508C2_Sequence_Listing.xml and is 75,967bytes in size.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with U.S. Government support under the NationalInstitutes of Health/National Eye Institute grant NIH EY 17130. TheGovernment has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology. Theinvention features modified metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6)promoters for increased expression in the retina. The modified mGluR6promoters described herein are useful in ocular gene therapy for theimprovement and/or restoration of vision.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Gene therapy is a promising approach for improving and restoring vision.Particularly, delivery of genes, such as photosensitive proteins, todiseased or damaged retinas in mice have been recently shown to improveand restore photosensitivity and visual signals. However, challengesstill remain for the efficient targeting and expression of such genes inspecific inner retinal neurons for ocular gene therapy. Accordingly,there is a pressing need for improved regulatory elements and expressionvectors for the delivery and expressing of transgenes for ocular genetherapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a solution for the long-felt need for improvedpromoters and nucleic acid expression vectors for the delivery andexpression of transgenes to the eye. Specifically, the promoters andvectors described herein comprise or consist essentially of a modifiedmetabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) promoter that containssequences from regulatory elements that direct the expression of themGluR6 protein to ON bipolar cells, or retinal rod bipolar cells.

The present invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule or anucleic acid expression vector comprising an mGluR6 enhancer or avariant thereof and an mGluR6 promoter or a variant thereof. Optionally,the nucleic acid molecule further comprises intron 3 of the mGluR6 geneor a variant thereof. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule furthercomprises intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene or a variant thereof.

The present invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule or anucleic acid expression vector comprising an mGluR6 enhancer or avariant thereof, an mGluR6 promoter or a variant thereof, an intron 3 ofthe mGluR6 gene or a variant thereof, and an intron 4 of the mGluR6 geneor a variant thereof.

A nucleic acid expression vector of the present invention may be a viralvector, preferably an adeno-associated virus vector or a recombinantadeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector. In other embodiments, the AAVvectors used with the present invention, e.g., a packaging vector,comprise a capsid protein.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising one or more of the nucleic acid expression vectors describedherein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments,AAV vectors of more than one serotype may be combined into a singlecomposition for administration, or may be administered sequentially oversuitable time periods.

The present invention further provides a method for expressing atransgene in the eye comprising introducing into the eye the nucleicacid expression vector described herein. The nucleic acid expressionvector may be introduced to the eye by subretinal, intraocular, orintravitreal injection. The methods described herein may be useful forincreasing light sensitivity, increasing light detection, increasingphotosensitivity, increasing visual evoked potential, or improving orrestoring vision in a retina of a subject. For example, the subjectsuffers from an ocular disorder or disease associated with photoreceptordegeneration.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice of the present invention, suitable non-limiting exemplarymethods and materials are described below. All publications, patentapplications, patents, and other references mentioned herein areexpressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. In cases ofconflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples describedherein are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from andare encompassed by the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an rAAV2 genome vector.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an rAAV2 packaging vector, with amutation in the viral capsid gene (Y444F).

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an optimized promoter construct I4comprising a 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer and a 500bp fragment of the mGluR6promoter upstream of a transgene (mCherry).

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of an optimized promoter construct I1acomprising an intron 4 from mGluR6, intron 3 from mGluR6, a 200 bpmGluR6 enhancer and a 500bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter upstream ofa transgene (mCherry).

FIGS. 5A-5F are a series of immunofluorescence images demonstratingrAAV-mediated expression of transgene (mCherry) by two optimized mGluR6promoter constructs (I4 and I1a). FIG. 5A and FIG. 5D show images takenat the ganglion cell layer in retinal whole-mounts to visualize the axonterminals of rod bipolar cells. FIG. 5B and FIG. 5E show images taken ininner nuclear layer in retinal whole-mounts to visualize the somas ofrod bipolar cells. FIG. 5B and FIG. 5E show the expression of transgene(mCherry) in rod bipolar cells is depicted in retinal vertical sections.

FIGS. 6A-6F are a series of immunofluorescence images demonstrating theexpression of a transgene targeted to rod bipolar cells. The rAAV2/2(Y444F)-mediated expression of mCherry driven by an optimized mChluR6promoter is depicted in retinal whole-mount (FIG. 6A) and in retinalvertical section (FIG. 6D). Co-staining mCherry with anti-PKC (a rodbipolar cell marker) is also shown in retinal whole-mounts (FIGS. 6A-6C) and vertical sections (FIGS. 6D-6F).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR6, also known as Grm6)mediates the synaptic transmission in the nervous system and mediatesthe ON-response in the ON-pathway of the vertebrate retina. Expressionof mGluR6 is found on ON-type retinal bipolar cells, which has made thepromoter region of mGluR6 a good candidate for cell-specificpromoter-driven expression in bipolar cells (Ueda et al., JournalNeurosci., 1997; hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Modified mGluR6 Promoters

Previous studies have utilized a basal SV40 promoter with a mGluR6enhancer sequence (e.g., 200 bp) for AAV-mediated targeting andexpression in the eye (Doroudchi et al., Mol. Ther., 2011,19:1220-1229). However, the transgene expression by these constructs wasweak, and not fully selective. The invention described herein is basedupon the surprising discovery that use of a fragment of the mGluR6promoter region (e.g., about 1 kb or 500 bp) results in increasedexpression compared to SV40-based constructs, and, importantly, moreselective expression in specific cell populations.

The instant invention features modified mGluR6 promoters with increasedefficiency and targeting transgene expression to bipolar cells. Thepromoters described herein were discovered by constructing variousconstructs with different combinations of regulatory elements present inthe mGluR6 gene or predicted to be present. A modified mGluR6 promoteruseful to achieve AAV-mediated selective and highly efficient expressionin retinal bipolar cells was identified. As used herein, the term“modified mGluR6 promoter” refers to the combination of regulatoryelements described herein that includes at least a 200 bp mGluR6enhancer sequence and at least a fragment of the promoter region frommGluR6 gene (e.g., about a 1 kb or a 500 bp fragment). Optionally, themodified mGluR6 promoter also includes the intron sequences of themGluR6 gene, e.g., intron 3 and intron 4. Exemplary modified mGluR6constructs are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 .

The present invention provides a modified mGluR6 promoter that comprisesat least a 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer. A preferred nucleic acid sequence forthe murine 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer is provided below: (SEQ ID NO: 1)

gatctccagatggctaaacttttaaatcatgaatgaagtagatattaccaaattgctttttcagcatccatttagataatcatgttttttgcctttaatctgttaatgtagtgaattacagaaatacatttcctaaatcattacatcccccaaatcgttaatctgctaaagtacatctctggctcaaacaagactggttg tg

A preferred nucleic acid sequence for the human 198 bp mGluR6 enhancer(corresponding to the mouse 200 bp enhancer) is provided below in SEQ IDNO: 2:

gatccttagattatgaaacatttacaattatgaatgaatattagatgttatcaaatgctttttctgcatccatttagataatcatgtttttcctttaatctgttaatgcggtgaattacattaatagatttcctaagtcattaatctgctaaagtgcatttctgggacaaaccagacttggttatgacattgtatgta

The modified mGluR6 promoter further comprises at least a fragment ofthe mGluR6 promoter region. A preferred example of this promoter regionsequence consists of 11023 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. BC041684).The original Ueda et al., study employed a 10 kb promoter, but theactual length of the promoter and the sequence that comprises controlelements of mGluR6 can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing thefragment length. For example, a fragment of the promoter about 1 kb inlength can be used as a mGluR6 promoter sequence. Promoter analysis canbe used to identify promoter functional fragments and derivatives(McGowen at al. Mol. Vision 1998, 4:2; Bookstein et al. PNAS 1990, 87(19) 7762-66).

The sequences provided herein are meant to be exemplary and in no waylimit the scope of the invention. A person of ordinary skill in the art,in view of the instant disclosure, would be enabled to identify furthersuitable enhancer, promoter, transgene, and vector sequences.

For example, the mGluR6 promoter sequence used herein is a 1095 bpfragment of the mGluR6 promoter region. A nucleic acid sequence of the1095 bp (about 1kb) fragment of the murine mGluR6 promoter region isprovided below in SEQ ID NO: 3:

taaccatgcacgctcgcacacgatagataatacatacaccaatatctgaaaagagaaaaggttctagtggtcaggacagagaatgaaaacggcaggaaggcaagaaagtttgagaacgtagggggtggggtagggagacactacgagtggaataagccacgtttggagaacgtctaggcagatacagaaatgcagaacacagagagaccgagaccagagcagcgtcagaccggctgcaaggctcttgttaggggctttagaaacacctgtgtgctctcccggaagcctggtgcagtcagagaggaagcttgcttcccagacagagatgacacagtttcacaacctgtcagaccaccttgcaggagagactgaaccccagcaaccagaaccacttggctatgcatgtccttttctgtttaaacctaagtctctgaagaccgaccaggggagtccctggacttctttgttcctcttctcggggtggcgggactgattgtgtaaatctcttatctccaactttcactcttatctgtctctttaatcggcatattgaggatgagtggccaagcttattggtgttgctgggtcagacaatttaaaggcagtctaggggagaagcagacccagggagtcagagaggcagagagagaagagagcccttcctccactctcaagctctggagggggtctctgccctcaccctcatccctccccagaatccttaaatcctctagactgtagctctgattttacagctgtcacagactcgtcctactagccagaggttggctcaggtaagcaccactggggaggtagcctagggtgcgctggggtgggtccagaggaagagctgcccagaactgtgggggaaggagcgggaccgaccatcaacagggggacttttcagggagaatgagagcaatcctctggaggcctgggagaggctgctgagttgctggtgcgcgagtcaccaacttttcctgcgctctcggtgtccggccagaatcccgaagtggcagctgagcacggggtggcagcttcgtccgccggctctcaaggcgtcccggtaacttcctttcccgcagtccaggagca

A preferred nucleic acid sequence of the human 1784 promoter(corresponding to the mouse mGluR 1095 bp promoter) fragment of thehuman mGluR6 promoter region provided below in SEQ ID NO: 4:

caagcaggaggctgctgtgtgctgggagctgtcaggctcgtcctgaacagggaagggcccatccacctcccaaacccagtttatgcagtccttcgcaatgtcaggctcagggcctggcaccagccaagctccccacccttcccactgttaaaatggataggagcagggctaggcccagcctgttgactctgggcttccaccaggagaagtggttctggcagtagaaactatcggggcctgggagaggcgggggaagagagaaaggtggcatgtttcttgcttgctccctctaccagccttgtccaaatccccgcagccaccctaatccagcctgtctaatggagcccaagccggctcaggccctcggacgaggagcctgctaatccctgtggctaggagctcaccacctgtctccaggacgccctttgctctcttggcatcagagagccaaatcctgggcctcggatggggggatgataaaagcatcttttggccaagccccctcaccttggcctccacgatgagatggggagttaggtgcagagagcgttggcacagtgagcaccgcagctcgagtggctgcctcagacccagagcccgaggagactttatacggagccagaacgaccccgcggggttccatcctcccaagcaataggcgggagtgggagctgcgaggaaagccggcccctcccctccctccatccaaggcagtgtgggctgtttgtttcatgccattctgggtgtgaatcctgatgcccacacatgccagctgcatgcacttgggcaactcaactcactcctcgagggctgtttctcgactgcagggtgttgtaagttcgctaatactaaaggcttctccctcctggccccttcctgcccctcgctcttcctcctcttccttaggccctcccagctcaggcagcccctgccccctgcagggttctgcaaggagaaagctggggaataccttaggcaactgcagtcaggagcactggtggccaggacagagacagagagacagaaaaggggtcagggacagagagagataaccgcagggagagacaggaagggacagagacagaaaagatttccaagaagaggacagaggcagaaagccagggacagagactgagaaacagagacctagaggcagaagaagactgagatagagatggacagagattgtgtcagacacagccccagagacagccagacagtctgagtcagacgcaaaccaaagacaagaaaacaggaaaacagacccagagattgggagagggaggggaaggagatgcggggagagccagcaccgccaccccccacactcaggaggggtctccaccctcggagcggtctctcatccctccctagaatccttaaatcctctctcgctcagggcctcggccgcatctgtcacagacttgtcctgaaccgacagcggctggcgcaggtgactggcttggggcgggagcctgggtgtgcgctggggatggaccccgaggaagaggggccaagctgtcgggaagcggcagggctggaggggtggaggcagtggtcgggcgggaccccgggcgacagggttcggcgcttgtaagagcgagacggaggcccgggcaggccggctgagctaactccccagagccgaagtggaaggcgcgccccgagcgccttctccccaggaccccggtgtccctccccgcgccccgagcccgcgctctccttcccccgccctcagagcgctccccgcccctctgtctccccgcagcccgctagacgagccg

Preferably, the mGluR6 promoter sequence used herein is a 500 bpfragment of the mGluR6 promoter region. The 500 bp fragment described inSEQ ID NO: 5 is encompassed by the 1095 bp fragment described above (SEQID NO: 3). The 500 bp fragment is preferred because it results in higherexpression than the 1095 bp fragment. A nucleic acid sequence of the 500bp murine mGluR6 promoter is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 5:

ttaaaggcagtctaggggagaagcagacccagggagtcagagaggcagagagagaagagagcccttcctccactctcaagctctggagggggtctctgccctcaccctcatccctccccagaatccttaaatcctctagactgtagctctgattttacagctgtcacagactcgtcctactagccagaggttggctcaggtaagcaccactggggaggtagcctagggtgcgctggggtgggtccagaggaagagctgcccagaactgtgggggaaggagcgggaccgaccatcaacagggggacttttcagggagaatgagagcaatcctctggaggcctgggagaggctgctgagttgctggtgcgcgagtcaccaacttttcctgcgctctcggtgtccggccagaatcccgaagtggcagctgagcacggggtggcagcttcgtccgccggctctcaaggcgtcccggtaacttcctttcccgcagtccaggagca

A preferred nucleic acid sequence of the 547 bp human mGluR6 promoter,is encompassed by the 1784 bp fragment described above (SEQ ID NO: 4),and is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 6:

ccaaagacaagaaaacaggaaaacagacccagagattgggagagggaggggaaggagatgcggggagagccagcaccgccaccccccacactcaggaggggtctccaccctcggagcggtctctcatccctccctagaatccttaaatcctctctcgctcagggcctcggccgcatctgtcacagacttgtcctgaaccgacagcggctggcgcaggtgactggcttggggcgggagcctgggtgtgcgctggggatggaccccgaggaagaggggccaagctgtcgggaagcggcagggctggaggggtggaggcagtggtcgggcgggaccccgggcgacagggttcggcgcttgtaagagcgagacggaggcccgggcaggccggctgagctaactccccagagccgaagtggaaggcgcgccccgagcgccttctccccaggaccccggtgtccctccccgcgccccgagcccgcgctctccttcccccgccctcagagcgctccccgcccctctgtctccccgcagcccgctagacgagccg

The modified mGluR6 promoters described herein may also include intronsequences from the mGluR6 gene. Preferably, introns 3 and 4 areincluded. The nucleic acid sequence of intron 4 of the murine mGluR6gene is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 7:

ggtgagtcccccaccccactcatcctccctgatgcttcctgtgtgggatgctcatttccacatttgtctcggagtcccacatgctgagtaactctgagatttgctttaaaatgccatgcaggtaatttaaatgggaaggtctgatccaagtgatgaagtgcagccttgatagcatgcttcctccgccctcccacaggcttccatcttttgtggggtgcccacctccacaccttttcttttagctagagtggtcaagtggacaagctggtcattagcaatcaaggcgtttcagatctggaagtgggtggtgccattatggatcagtgagccctgtattttttgtgcctctgcacaaggtgggtagtgaagccctgtccattacataaccatggcatcccctagccatgacataaagggcagtgaaaaattctttaaggatgccagagctgctttttccatttgtgtgtatgcgtgcaggtgtgtgttgtacatgacacaagtgtatgtgtgtgcatgtggaggcctgaggttgatttcaggaatcatcctcaattctttttctaccttattcactgaggcagggtctgtggagagatcaccgatatggctactgtgggattcccctgtctctgccttcagagccactcctggatacacagtacacctggctcagatggtcaccaccctcct

The nucleic acid sequence of intron 4 of the human mGluR6 gene(corresponding to the mouse intron 4) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 8:

tcccccaccccacacgtctccccagcaccccctcttggggatgctcattttctgcatctgtgtaattggtgccataatccagatcccttctcagatccccagatcctatgagtccgatcatctgtggacgcgtccctccaagcagcgcttgactgggatggcgtgcgaggaaagcacgctgacggggaggaattgttgggtttttggttttgtttcttaatttagtgcctgtatttctagaaaccaaggatacggaatataccatcctggtgatcagagtgatgaggcaggaacagatggctcactttacaataggattgctcattttccccaagttgatgacatccttcagggctattttatgaaacacattagggggatatataccatcacgcctggtgcaggtggcagcctggactgagagtagttttagcgataaaggcatctcatcacaagacaggaggtctgagagttggtgactttaggcatggggcagtgagtgtgtggttgccttgggtcttcctgcatagtcacaagatggctgctgaggctccacccattacatcttcacagcagcatcctaacaggaaagagaggctctgagtttgcatcagcatgtaagtgcccaccaatcagaacttggtcacctggccacgcctagctcacctggctcacctggccacgcctaactcacctggccactcctagctcacctggccatgcctagttcacctggccactcctagctcacctggccactcctagctgaaagtgagcaagtggcagaaacacaccctccc ccttctt

The nucleic acid sequence of intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is providedbelow in SEQ ID NO: 9:

actccaggccatgagcaactcctcacatctccctaagcccttcctgtcgccctctggagtcttttgttctgggaatgagacaggcttgactggctgaaggttctccgggcctggcctgggaaacacaggaaaacacgactatttttattgttcattgtgggagagagaactggtaggcaaacccaagagcagaaaatgtaccgtgagggacactgccccagtaaaccctgaaacctacattatcctaagccagccaaggttcttttccagcctgggaagttgagcgtgacattggtggctgaatttgtagacagaatggcttctgagtgcccctgacattccccaaaaggaggctctctgcattaatccatttgtctttattataataaaatatccaagtcagggcgttttttaaggaaaagacttatttttaacatcaactcttggaggtgaaagttcaggcagcgtgacaccagctctgctgaggacctagcttgcatcacattttgacaaatgttatggaaagagggagtagagaaggaaagagtgcatggagagaaggaacatcagaaagaagagggacagggttcactctttgatagctattcaccttcacagaattacctcacccttccagaggtcaagagcaacatccccagtgacccaataaccttgcactaagccacacctcttttttattttttatgagacagggcctcactctgtatccctgaacttgctatgtggaccaagctgtcctcttgagtgctgggattaaaggcattcagtatcagggctgg tttataa

The nucleic acid sequence of intron 3 of the human mGluR6 gene(corresponding to the mouse intron 3) is provided below in SEQ ID NO:10:

gggacagtggcacaatcaccgggcccctggggctctccctgagggtcccacccctcctcttgcacatcgccaccttacacactctccctgcctccctttcccctgctccccgcaccccccaccttccctgctgctgcctctgagtctggtgcccaggctcagaagcagcctggtctggggagatgccacaagcccagactgaatagcgcacagaacatgtgtctgtgtttacagctcctgggggtgcggggagggacctgtgggcagaacctagtgcagaaaatgagctgtgagggaaggagcccagggtccatacagaggctgcggaccccagcccgagacccaccggcccgagttcatctccagcctaggaggctgggtgtgacgctggtggaggcatgtggggaggggctggcttcgaactggattttcccccaaggagtccctctgaaccccctgaacagtgggttacagtgggcagagcaagtgggcaggcctagggtcagaggaaagcccagggaaggtgccctaaatgcccccggccccgtttttcctgagaaacaaggatctggtgagtgattatagagcaggggagatggatagagtgggaagggatgggggccgagctggaggaggctcccaggccctccctcaccccagccctgctcctacc

Variants of the regulatory elements encompassed by the mGluR6 promotersdescribed herein are also encompassed by the present invention. Forexample, a variant may have 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the nucleic acidsequences described herein. The term “% identity,” in the context of twoor more nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or moresequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specifiedpercentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, whencompared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using oneof the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection.For example, % identity is relative to the entire length of the codingregions of the sequences being compared.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a referencesequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequencecomparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into acomputer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, andsequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequencecomparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity forthe test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on thedesignated program parameters. Percent identity is determined usingsearch algorithms such as BLAST and PSI-BLAST (Altschul et al., 1990, J.Mol. Biol. 215:3, 403-410; Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res.25:17, 3389-402).

For example, the mGluR6 enhancer is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6promoter variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6.The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. Theintron 3 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In one embodiment, the mGluR6 enhancer comprises the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6 promoter comprisesthe nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5,or SEQ ID NO: 6. The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. The intron 3 of themGluR6 gene comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQID NO: 10.

In other embodiments, the intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene is locatedupstream of the intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene in the present invention.The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is located upstream of the mGluR6enhancer in the present invention. The mGluR6 enhancer is locatedupstream of the mGluR6 promoter in the present invention.

For example, the mGluR6 enhancer is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6promoter variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6.The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. Theintron 3 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In one embodiment, the mGluR6 enhancer comprises the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6 promoter comprisesthe nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5,or SEQ ID NO: 6. The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. The intron 3 of themGluR6 gene comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQID NO: 10.

In other embodiments, the intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene is locatedupstream of the intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene in the present invention.The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is located upstream of the mGluR6enhancer in the present invention. The mGluR6 enhancer is locatedupstream of the mGluR6 promoter in the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer is locatedupstream of the sequence from the mGluR6 promoter region. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene is upstream of theintron 3 of the mGluR6 gene, the intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is upstreamof the mGluR6 enhancer, and the mGluR6 enhancer is upstream of themGluR6 promoter. The entire modified mGluR6 promoter (e.g., includingthe mGluR6 enhancer, mGluR6 promoter, and mGluR6 intron sequences) islocated upstream of a particular transgene of interest to drive itsexpression. Alternatively, other orders or combinations of theregulatory elements may be advantageous for improving expression ortargeting of the transgene.

The present invention further provides expression cassettes comprisingthe modified mGluR6 promoters described herein.

Transgenes

The expression of transgenes in the damaged or diseased retinas may beuseful for improving or restoring vision. Transgenes of particularinterest for restoration of photosensitivity or vision includephotosensitive proteins, such as opsin genes or rhodopsin genes. As usedherein, “transgene” refers to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide ofinterest, wherein the polynucleotide is encapsidated in a viral vector(e.g., rAAV).

The opsin family of genes includes vertebrate (animal) and invertebrateopsins. Animal opsins are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with7-transmembrane helices which regulate the activity of ion channels.Invertebrate rhodopsins are usually not GPCRs but are light-sensitive orlight-activated ion pumps or ion channels.

As referred to herein, an opsin gene or light-sensitive protein includeschannelrhodopsins (e.g., ChR1, ChR2, vChR1 from Volvox carteri, vChR2,and other variants identified from any vertebrate, invertebrate, ormicrobe), halorhodopsins (NpHR), melanopsins, pineal opsins,bacteriorhodopsin, and functional variants, active binding fragments, orchimeras thereof. A light-sensitive protein of this invention can occurnaturally in plant, animal, archaebacterial, algal, or bacterial cells,or can alternatively be created through laboratory techniques. Examplesof opsin genes are discussed in further detail below.

Examples of channelrhodopsins as transgenes in the present inventioninclude channelrhodopsins Chop1 (also known as ChR1) (GenBank accessionnumber AB058890/AF385748) and Chop2 (also known as ChR2) (GenBankaccession number AB058891/AF461397), as well as mutant ChR2 C128A, ChR2C128S, ChR2 C128T, ChR1-ChR2 hybrids/chimeras, and variants thereof.

Chop1 and Chop2 are two rhodopsins from the green alga Chlamydomonasreinhardtii (Nagel, 2002; Nagel, 2003). Both are light-sensitivechannels that, when expressed and activated in neural tissue, allow fora cell to be depolarized when stimulated with light (Boyden, 2005). Thefull length amino acid sequence of Chop1 is provided below in SEQ ID NO:11:

MSRRPWLLALALAVALAAGSAGASTGSDATVPVATQDGPDYVFHRAHERMLFQTSYTLENNGSVICIPNNGQCFCLAWLKSNGTNAEKLAANILQWITFALSALCLMFYGYQTWKSTCGWEEIYVATIEMIKFIIEYFHEFDEPAVIYSSNGNKTVWLRYAEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLANDYNKRTMGLLVSDIGTIVWGTTAALSKGYVRVIFFLMGLCYGIYTFFNAAKVYIEAYHTVPKGICRDLVRYLAWLYFCSWAMFPVLFLLGPEGFGHINQFNSAIAHAILDLASKNAWSMMGHFLRVKIHEHILLYGDIRKKQKVNVAGQEMEVETMVHEEDDETQKVPTAKYANRDSFIIMRDRLKEKGFETRASLDGDPNGDAEANAAAGGKPGMEMGKMTGMGMGMGAGMGMATIDSGRVILAVPDISMVDFFREQFARLPVPYELVPALGAENTLQLVQQAQSLGGCDFVLMHPEFLRDRSPTGLLPRLKMGGQRAAAFGWAAIGPMRDLIEGSGVDGWLEGPSFGAGINQQALVALINRMQQAKKMGMMGGMGMGMGGGMGMGMGMGMGMAPSMNAGMTGGMGGASMGGAVMGMGMGMQPMQQAMPAMSPMMTQQPSMMSQPSAMSAGGAMQAMGGVMPSPAPGGRVGTNPLFGSAPSPLSSQPGISPGMATPPAATAAPAAGGSEAEMLQQLM SEINRLKNELGE

The full length amino acid sequence of Chop2 is provided below in SEQ IDNO: 12:

MDYGGALSAVGRELLFVTNPVVVNGSVLVPEDQCYCAGWIESRGTNGAQTASNVLQWLAAGFSILLLMFYAYQTWKSTCGWEEIYVCAIEMVKVILEFFFEFKNPSMLYLATGHRVQWLRYAEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLSNDYSRRTMGLLVSDIGTIVWGATSAMATGYVKVIFFCLGLCYGANTFFHAAKAYIEGYHTVPKGRCRQVVTGMAWLFFVSWGMFPILFILGPEGFGVLSVYGSTVGHTIIDLMSKNCWGLLGHYLRVLIHEHILIHGDIRKTTKLNIGGTEIEVETLVEDEAEAGAVNKGTGKYASRESFLVMRDKMKEKGIDVRASLDNSKEVEQEQAARAAMMMMNGNGMGMGMGMNGMNGMGGMNGMAGGAKPGLELTPQLQPGRVILAVPDISMVDFFREQFAQLSVTYELVPALGADNTLALVTQAQNLGGVDFVLIHPEFLRDRSSTSILSRLRGAGQRVAAFGWAQLGPMRDLIESANLDGWLEGPSFGQGILPAHIVALVAKMQQMRKMQQMQQIGMMTGGMNGMGGGMGGGMNGMGGGNGMNNMGNGMGGGMGNGMGGNGMNGMGGGNGMNNMGGNGMAGNGMGGGMGGNGMGGSMNGMSSGVVANVTPSAAGGMGGMMNGGMAAPQSPGMNGGRLGTNPLFNAAPSPLSSQLGAEAGMGSMGGMGGMSGMGGMGGMGGMGGAGAATTQAAGGNAEAEMLQNLMNEINRLKRELGE

A Chop2 fragment (315 amino acids) has been shown to efficientlyincrease photosensitivity and vision in murine models of photoreceptordegeneration (Bi et al., Neuron, 2006, and U.S. Pat. 8,470,790; both ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference). The amino acid sequence ofthis fragment is provided in below in SEQ ID NO: 13:

MDYGGALSAVGRELLFVTNPVVVNGSVLVPEDQCYCAGWIESRGTNGAQTASNVLQWLAAGFSILLLMFYAYQTWKSTCGWEEIYVCAIEMVKVILEFFFEFKNPSMLYLATGHRVQWLRYAEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLSNDYSRRTMGLLVSDIGTIVWGATSAMATGYVKVIFFCLGLCYGANTFFHAAKAYIEGYHTVPKGRCRQVVTGMAWLFFVSWGMFPILFILGPEGFGVLSVYGSTVGHTIIDLMSKNCWGLLGHYLRVLIHEHILIHGDIRKTTKLNIGGTEIEVETLV EDEAEAGAVN KGTGK

Chop2 mutants and variants as described in PCT Publication WO2013/134295 (hereby incorporated by reference) may also be expressedusing the promoters described herein. Any ChRs, or microbial opsins, orother genetically encoded light sensors or switches, presently known oras yet undiscovered, are useful in generating the compositions andpracticing the methods of the invention.

Other suitable transgenes include Volvox carteri channelrhodopsins(e.g., vChR1 and vChR2). The amino acid sequence of vChR1, GenBankAccession No. EU285658.1, is provided in below in SEQ ID NO: 14:

MDYPVARSLIVRYPTDLGNGTVCMPRGQCYCEGWLRSRGTSIEKTIAITLQWVVFALSVACLGWYAYQAWRATCGWEEVYVALIEMMKSIIEAFHEFDSPATLWLSSGNGVVWMRYGEWLLTCPVLLIHLSNLTGLKDDYSKRTMGLLVSDVGCIVWGATSAMCTGWTKILFFLISLSYGMYTYFHAAKVYIEAFHTVPKGICRELVRVMAWTFFVAWGMFPVLFLLGTEGFGHISPYGSAIGHSILDLIAKNMWGVLGNYLRVKIHEHILLYGDIRKKQKITIAGQEMEVETLVAEEEDDTVKQSTAKYASRDSFITMRNRMREKGLEVRASLDAGGGDSGMEAGGGGAAHAQPHMAKPGTELGKTMSASFTNGAATSLEPGRVILAVPDISMVDFFREQFAQLPVPYEVVPALGAENTVQLVQQAAMLGGCDFVLMHPEFLRDRGPTGLLPQVKMMGQRTAAFGWSQMGPMRDLIESSGVGAWLEGPSFGSGISQAALQQLVVKMQQAKRMAAMGSMMGGGMGNGMGMGMGMGMGMGMGNGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGMMTPGAMGMGMGGMGNLAAAAGNAMYGGGGGGGGSTMGSGNAAMMTGLVMGGGNGVGAGPGGVVANLGSSALQPQSQMMGGGNVVGMSSPQLQLQQSSSMPLGGLAPNRIGNNPLFGAAPSPLHSQPGASPTGLSSPQLGMGAMLPAGTSVGAGGGSVGPTETDMLQQLMTEINRLKDELGE

The amino acid sequence of vChR2 is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 15:

MDHPVARSLIGSSYTNLNNGSIVIPSDACFCMKWLKSKGSPVALKMANALQWAAFALSVIILIYYAYATWRTTCGWEEVYVCCVELTKVVIEFFHEFDEPGMLYLANGNRVLWLRYGEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLKDDYNKRTMRLLVSDVGTIVWGATAAMSTGYIKVIFFLLGCMYGANTFFHAAKVYIESYHTVPKGLCRQLVRAMAWLFFVSWGMFPVLFLLGPEGFGHLSVYGSTIGHTIIDLLSKNCWGLLGHFLRLKIHEHILLYGDIRKVQKIRVAGEELEVETLMTEEAPDTVKKSTAQYANRESFLTMRDKLKEKGFEVRASLDNSGIDAVINHNNNYNNALANAAAAVGKPGMELSKLDHVAANAAGMGGIADHVATTSGAISPGRVILAVPDISMVDYFREQFAQLPVQYEVVPALGADNAVQLVVQAAGLGGCDFVLLHPEFLRDKSSTSLPARLRSIGQRVAAFGWSPVGPVRDLIESAGLDGWLEGPSFGLGISLPNLASLVLRMQHARKMAAMLGGMGGMLGSNLMSGSGGVGLMGAGSPGGGGGAMGVGMTGMGMVGTNAMGRGAVGNSVANASMGGGSAGMGMGMMGMVGAGVGGQQQMGANGMGPTSFQLGSNPLYNTAPSPLSSQPGGDASAAAAAAAAAAATGAASNSMNAMQAGGSVRNSGILAGGLGSMMGPPGAPAAPTAAATAAPAVTMGAPGGGGAAASEAEMLQQLMAEINRLKSELGE

NpHR (Halorhodopsin) (GenBank accession number EF474018) is from thehaloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronomonas pharaonis. The amino acidsequence of NpHR is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 16:

MTETLPPVTESAVALQAEVTQRELFEFVLNDPLLASSLYINIALAGLSILLFVFMTRGLDDPRAKLIAVSTILVPVVSIASYTGLASGLTISVLEMPAGHFAEGSSVMLGGEEVDGVVTMWGRYLTWALSTPMILLALGLLAGSNATKLFTAITFDIAMCVTGLAAALTTSSHLMRWFWYAISCACFLVVLYILLVEWAQDAKAAGTADMFNTLKLLTVVMWLGYPIVWALGVEGIAVLPVGVTSWGYSFLDIVAKYIFAFLLLNYLTSNESVVSGSILDVPSASGTPADD

In certain embodiments variants of NpHR can be created. In specificembodiments single or multiple point mutations to the NpHR protein canresult in NpHR variants. In specific embodiments a mammalian codonoptimized version of NpHR can be utilized. In one embodiment NpHRvariants are utilized. In one specific embodiment eNpHR (enhanced NpHR)is utilized. Addition of the amino acids FCYENEV (SEQ ID NO: 38) to theNpHR C-terminus along with the signal peptide from a β subunit of thenicotinic acetylcholine receptor to the NpHR N-terminus results in theconstruction of eNpHR.

Melanopsin (GenBank accession number 6693702) is a photopigment found inspecialized photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina that areinvolved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, pupillary light reflex,and other non-visual responses to light. In structure, melanopsin is anopsin, a retinylidene protein variety of G-protein-coupled receptor.Melanopsin resembles invertebrate opsins in many respects, including itsamino acid sequence and downstream signaling cascade. Like invertebrateopsins, melanopsin appears to be a bistable photopigment, with intrinsicphotoisomerase activity. In certain embodiments variants of melanopsincan be created and used in the invention. In specific embodiments singleor multiple point mutations to the melanopsin protein can result inmelanopsin variants. The amino acid sequence of Mus musculus melanopsin(GenBank accession number 6693702) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 17:

MDSPSGPRVLSSLTQDPSFTTSPALQGIWNGTQNVSVRAQLLSVSPTTSAHQAAAWVPFPTVDVPDHAHYTLGTVILLVGLTGMLGNLTVIYTFCRNRGLRTPANMFIINLAVSDFLMSVTQAPVFFASSLYKKWLFGETGCEFYAFCGAVFGITSMITLTAIAMDRYLVITRPLATIGRGSKRRTALVLLGVWLYALAWSLPPFFGWSAYVPEGLLTSCSWDYMTFTPQVRAYTMLLFCFVFFLPLLIIIFCYIFIFRAIRETGRACEGCGESPLRQRRQWQRLQSEWKMAKVALIVILLFVLSWAPYSTVALVAFAGYSHILTPYMSSVPAVIAKASAIHNPIIYAITHPKYRVAIAQHLPCLGVLLGVSGQRSHPSLSYRSTHRSTLSSQSSDLSWISGRKRQESLGSESEVGWTDTETTAAWGAAQQASGQSFCSQNLEDGELKASSSPQVQRSKTPKVPGPSTCRPMKGQGARPSSLRGDQKGRLAVCTGLSECP HPHTSQFPLAFLEDDVTLRHL

The amino acid sequence of Homo sapiens melanopsin (GenBank accessionnumber BC113558.1) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 18:

MNPPSGPRVLPSPTQEPSCMATPAPPSWWDSSQSSISSLGRLPSISPTAPGTWAAAWVPLPTVDVPDHAHYTLGTVILLVGLTGMLGNLTVIYTFCRSRSLRTPANMFIINLAVSDFLMSFTQAPVFFTSSLYKQWLFGETGCEFYAFCGALFGISSMITLTAIALDRYLVITRPLATFGVASKRRAAFVLLGVWLYALAWSLPPFFGWSAYVPEGLLTSCSWDYMSFTPAVRAYTMLLCCFVFFLPLLIIIYCYIFIFRAIRETGRALQTFGACKGNGESLWQRQRLQSECKMAKIMLLVILLFVLSWAPYSAVALVAFAGYAHVLTPYMSSVPAVIAKASAIHNPIIYAITHPKYRVAIAQHLPCLGVLLGVSRRHSRPYPSYRSTHRSTLTSHTSNLSWISIRRRQESLGSESEVGWTHMEAAAVWGAAQQANGRSLYGQGLEDLEAKAPPRPQGHEAETPGKTKGLIPSQDPRM

Other suitable channel proteins of the invention include ChD, ChEF, ChF,ChIEF, and variants thereof.

Light-sensitive proteins may also include proteins that are at leastabout 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%,at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at leastabout 99% identical to any of the light-sensitive proteins describedherein (e.g., ChR1, ChR2, vChR1, vChR2, NpHR and melanopsin). Thelight-sensitive proteins of the present invention may also includeproteins that have at least one mutation. The mutation may be a pointmutation.

In some embodiments, light-sensitive proteins can modulate signalingwithin neural circuits and bidirectionally control behavior of ionicconductance at the level of a single neuron. In some embodiments theneuron is a retinal neuron, a retinal bipolar cell (e.g. ON or OFFretinal bipolar cells; rod and cone bipolar cells), a retinal ganglioncell, a photoreceptor cell, or a retinal amacrine cell.

In some embodiments, a polyA tail can be inserted downstream of thetransgene in an expression cassette or nucleic acid expression vector ofthe present invention. Suitable polyA tails are known in the art, andinclude, for example, human growth hormone poly A tail (hGHpA), bovinegrowth hormone polyA tail (bGHpA), bovine polyA, SV40 polyA, and AV40pA.The nucleic acid sequence of hGHpA is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 19:

gtcgagagatctacgggtggcatccctgtgacccctccccagtgcctctcctggccctggaagttgccactccagtgcccaccagccttgtcctaataaaattaagttgcatcattttgtctgactaggtgtccttctataatattatggggtggaggggggtggtatggagcaaggggcaagttgggaagacaacctgtagggcctgcggggtctattgggaaccaagctggagtgcagtggcacaatcttggctcactgcaatctccgcctcctgggttcaagcgattctcctgcctcagcctcccgagttgttgggattccaggcatgcatgaccaggctcagctaatttttgtttttttggtagagacggggtttcaccatattggccaggctggtctccaactcctaatctcaggtgatctacccaccttggcctcccaaattgctgggattacaggcgtgaaccactgctcccttccctgtccttctgattttg taggtaaccacgtg

Vectors

The modified mGluR6 promoter sequences may be inserted into variousdifferent nucleic acid expression vectors. Vectors for use in thepresent invention can include various viral vectors, such as plasmidsand recombinant viruses, e.g., recombinant adeno-associated virus(rAAV), recombinant adenoviruses, recombinant retroviruses, recombinantlentiviruses, and other viruses known in the art.

Adeno-associated viruses are small, single-stranded DNA viruses whichrequire helper virus to facilitate efficient replication. The 4.7 kbgenome of AAV is characterized by two inverted terminal repeats (ITR)and two open reading frames which encode the Rep proteins and Capproteins, respectively. The Rep reading frame encodes four proteins ofmolecular weight 78 kD, 68 kD, 52 kD and 40 kD. These proteins functionmainly in regulating AAV replication and rescue and integration of theAAV into a host cell’s chromosomes. The Cap reading frame encodes threestructural proteins of molecular weight 85 kD (VP 1), 72 kD (VP2) and 61kD (VP3) (Berns, cited above) which form the virion capsid. More than80% of total proteins in AAV virion comprise VP3.

The genome of rAAV generally comprises: (1) a 5′adeno-associated virusITR, (2) a coding sequence (e.g., transgene) for the desired geneproduct (e.g., a light-sensitive protein) operatively linked to asequence which regulates its expression in a cell (e.g., a modifiedmGluR6 promoter sequence), and (3) a 3′adeno-associated virus invertedterminal repeat. In addition, the rAAV vector may preferably contain apolyadenylation sequence.

Generally, rAAV vectors have one copy of the AAV ITR at each end of thetransgene or gene of interest, in order to allow replication, packaging,and efficient integration into cell chromosomes. The ITR consists ofnucleotides 1 to 145 at the 5′end of the AAV DNA genome, and nucleotides4681 to 4536 (e.g., the same sequence) at the 3′end of the AAV DNAgenome. The rAAV vector may also include at least 10 nucleotidesfollowing the end of the ITR (e.g., a portion of the “D region”).

The transgene sequence (e.g., the polynucleotide encoding alight-sensitive protein) can be of about 2 to 5 kb in length (oralternatively, the transgene may additionally contain a “stuffer” or“filler” sequence to bring the total size of the nucleic acid sequencebetween the two ITRs to between 2 and 5 kb). Alternatively, thetransgene may be composed of repeated copies of the same or similarheterologous sequence several times (e.g., two nucleic acid moleculeswhich encode one or more light-sensitive proteins separated by aribosome readthrough, or alternatively, by an Internal Ribosome EntrySite or “IRES”), or several different heterologous sequences.

In one embodiment the vector comprises a recombinant AAV of a particularserotype, either naturally occurring or engineered. Adeno-associatedviruses have been found in many animal species, including primates,canines, fowl and human. Presently, there are 12 different knownserotypes, e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9,AAV10, AAV11, and AAV12, all of which are appropriate for use in thepresent invention. Recombinant AAV vectors of the present invention maybe generated from a variety of adeno-associated viruses, including forexample, any of serotypes 1 through 12, as described herein. Forexample, ITRs from any AAV serotype are expected to have similarstructures and functions with regard to replication, integration,excision, and transcriptional mechanisms.

For example, the nucleic acid expression vector of the present inventionis an adeno-associated virus vector or a recombinant adeno-associatedvirus (rAAV) vector. In preferred embodiments, the vector is arecombinant AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10,AAV11, or AAV12 vector. In certain embodiments the AAV vector is of awild-type serotype or variant of any of AAV1-AAV12, or a mutant, hybrid,or fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the AAV vector is of anatural serotype or variant/mutant thereof that has yet to bediscovered.

Viral and virus-like particles contemplated by the invention may beprepared by methods known to those of skill in the art, as well as thosedeveloped in the future. Virus producing cell lines and virus-likeparticle producing cell lines having the ability to produce sufficientlylarge quantities of virus are transfected with the vectors of theinvention. Preferred production methods include, but are not limited to,the baculovirus expression vector system/insect cells and HEK 293 hostcells. Other methods and host cell are suitable, such as those describedin the art. See, e.g., Vicente, T. “Virus production for clinical genetherapy,” Methods Mol. Biol., vol. 542:447-70 (2009).

The rAAV vector may also contain additional sequences, for example froman adenovirus, which assist in effecting a desired function for thevector. Such sequences include, for example, those which assist inpackaging the rAAV vector into virus particles. Packaging cell linessuitable for producing adeno-associated viral vectors may beaccomplished given available techniques (U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,005).Methods for constructing and packaging rAA7I vectors are described in,for example, WO 00/54813.

In other embodiments, the AAV vectors used with the present invention,e.g., a packaging vector, comprise a capsid protein. Suitable capsidproteins include, but are not limited to:

an AAV1 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:23:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSSGIGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPATPAAVGTTMASGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNASGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSASTGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTTNDGVTTIANNLTSTVQVFSDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFTFSYTFEEVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLNRTQNQSGSAQNKDLLFSRGSPAGMSVQPKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTKTNNNSNFTWTGASKYNLNGRESIINPGTAMASHKDDEDKFFPMSGVMIFGKESAGASNTALDNVMITDEEEIKATNPVATERFGTVAVNFQSSTDPATGDVHAMGALPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKNPPPQILIKNTPVPANPPAEFSATKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEVQYTSNYAKSANVDFTVDNNGLYTEPRPIGTRYLTRPL

an AAV2 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24:

AADGYLPDWLEDTLSEGIRQWWKLKPGPPPPKPAERHKDDSRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDRQLDSGDNPYLKYNHADAEFERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEPVKTAPGKKRPVEHSPVEPDSSSGTGKAGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDADSVPDPQPLGQPPAAPSGLGNTMATGSGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSTWMGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTNTPSGTTTQSRLQFSQAGASDIRDQSRNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTSANNNSEYSWTGATKYHLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEKFFPQSGVLIFGKQGSEKTNVDIEKVMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGSVSTNLQRNRQAATADVNTQGVLPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANPSTTFSAAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNKSVNVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL

an AAV3 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGVPQPKANQQHQDNRRGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRILEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKGAVDQSPQEPDSSSGVGKSGKQPARKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPTSLGNTMASGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGFRPKKLSFKLFNIQVRGVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFQFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLNRTQGTTSGTTNQSRLLFSQAGPQSMSLQARNWLPGPCYRQQRLSKTANNNNSNFPWTAASKYHLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEKFFPMHGNLIFGKEGTTASNAELDNVMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGTVANNLQSNTAPTTGTVNHQGALPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQIMIKNTPVPANPPTTFSPAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNKSVNVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL

an AAV4 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26:

MTDGYLPDWLEDNLSEGVREWWALQPGAPKPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQRLQGDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEQAGETAPGKKRPLIESPQQPDSSTGIGKKGKQPAKKKLVFEDETGAGDGPPEGSTSGAMSDDSMRAAAGGAAVEGGQGADGVGNASGDWHCDSTWSEGHVTTTSTRTWVLPTYNNHLYKRLGESLQSNTYNGFSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGMRPKAMRVKIFNIQVKEVTTSNGETTVANNLTSTVQIFADSSYELPYVMDAGQEGSLPPFPNDVFMVPQYGYCGLVTGNTSQQQTDRNAFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFEITYSFEKVPFHSMYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLWGLQSTTTGTTLNAGTATTNFTKLRPTNFSNFKKNWLPGPSIKQQGFSKTANNYKIPATGSDSLIKYETHSTLDGRWSALTPGPPMATAGPADSKFSNSQLIFAGPKQNGNTATVPGTLIFTSEEELAATNATDTDMWGNLPGGDQSSNLPTVDRLTALGAVPGMVWQNRDIYYQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLIGGFGLKHPPPQIFIKNTPVPANPATTFSSTPVNSFITQYSTGQVSVQIDWEQKERSKRWNPEVQFTSNYGQQNSLLWAPDAAGKYTEPRAIGTRYLTHHL

an AAV5 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27:

SFVDHPPDWLEEVGEGLREFLGLEAGPPKPKPNQQHQDQARGLVLPGYNYLGPGNGLDRGEPVNRADEVAREHDISYNEQLEAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFEKLADDTSFGGNLGKAVFQAKKRVLEPFGLVEEGAKTAPTGKRIDDHFPKRKKARTEEDSKPSTSSDAEAGPSGSQQLQIPAQPASSLGDTMSAGGGGPLGDNNQGADGVGNASGDWHCDSTWMGDRVVTKSTRTWVLPSYNNHQYREIKSGSVDGSNANAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHSHWSPRDWQLINNYWGFRPRSLRVKIFNIQVKEVTVQDSTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDDDYQLPYVVGNGTEGCLPAFPPQVFTLPQYGYATLNRDNTENPTERSSFFCEYFPSKMLRTGNNFEFTYNFEEVPFHSSFAPSQNLFKLANPLVDQYLYRFVSTNNTGGVQFNKNLAGRYANTYKNWFPGPMGRTQGWNLGSGNRASVSAFATTNRMELEGASYQVPPQPNGMTNNLQGSNTYALENTMIFNSQPANPGTTATYLEGNMLITSESETQPVNRVAYNVGGQMATNNQSTTAPATGTYNLQEIVPGSVWMERDVYLQGPIWAKIPETGAHFHPSPAMGGFGLKHPPPMMLIKNTPVPGNITSFSDVPVSSFITQYSTGQVTVEMEWEKKENSKRWNPEIQYTNNYNDPQFVDFAPDSTGE YRTTRPIGTRYLTRPL

an AAV6 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPFGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSSGIGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPATPAAVGTTMASGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNASGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSASTGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTTNDGVTTIANNLTSTVQVFSDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLNRTQNQSGSAQNKDLLFSRGSPAGMSVQPKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTKTNNNSNFTWTGASKYNLNGRESIINPGTAMASHKDDKDKFFPMSGVMIFGKESAGASNTALDNVMITDEEEIKATNPVATERFGTVAVNLQSSTDPATGDVHVMGALPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANPPAEFSATKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEVQYTSNYAKSANVDFTVDNNGLYTEPRPIGTRYLTRPL

an AAV7 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDNGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPAKKRPVEPSPQRSPDSSTGIGKKGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSSVGGTVAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNASGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSETAGSTNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGFRPKKLRFKLFNIQVKEVTTNDGVTTIANNLTSTIQVFSDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQSVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFEFSYSFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLARTQSNPGGTAGNRELQFYQGGPSTMAEQAKNWLPGPCFRQQRVSKTLDNNNSNFAWTGATKYHLNGRNSLVNPGVAMATHKDDEDRFFPSSGVLIFGKTGATNKTTLENVLMTNEEEIRPTNPVATEEYGIVSSNLQANTAAQTQVVNNQGALPGMVWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANPPEVFTPAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNFEKQTGVDFAVDSQGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL

an AAV8 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:30:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLQAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEPSPQRSPDSSTGIGKKGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSGVGNTMAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNGTSGGATNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGFRPKRLSFKLFNIQVKEVTQNEGTKTIANNLTSTIQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFQFTYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTQTTGGTANTQTLGFSQGGPNTMANQAKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSTTTGNNNSNFAWTAGTKYHLNGRNSLANPGIAMATHKDDEERFFPSNGILIFGKQNAARDNADYSDVMLTSEEEIKTTNPVATEEYGIVADNLQQNTAPQIGTVNSQGALPGMVWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTTFNQSKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKSTSVDFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL

an AAV9 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:31:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTESVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAHEGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNDGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFQFSYEFENVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSKTINGSGQNQQTLKFSVAGPSNMAVQGRNYIPGPSYRQQRVSTTVTNNNSEFAWPGASSWALNGRNSLMNPGPAMASHKEGEDRFFPLSGSLIFGKQGTGRDNVDADKVMITNEEEIKTTNPVATESYGQVATNHQSQAQAQTGWVQNQGILPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGMKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTAFNKDKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKSNNVEFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL

an AAV10 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32:

MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFQERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEPSPQRSPDSSTGIGKKGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPIGEPPAGPSGLGSGTMAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNGTSGGSTNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTQNEGTKTIANNLTSTIQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFEFSYQFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTQSTGGTAGTQQLLFSQAGPNNMSAQAKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSTTLSQNNNSNFAWTGATKYHLNGRDSLVNPGVAMATHKDDEERFFPSSGVLMFGKQGAGKDNVDYSSVMLTSEEEIKTTNPVATEQYGVVADNLQQQNAAPIVGAVNSQGALPGMVWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTTFSQAKLASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKSTNVDFAVNTDGTYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL

an AAV11 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33:

MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFQERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPLESPQEPDSSSGIGKKGKQPARKRLNFEEDTGAGDGPPEGSDTSAMSSDIEMRAAPGGNAVDAGQGSDGVGNASGDWHCDSTWSEGKVTTTSTRTWVLPTYNNHLYLRLGTTSSSNTYNGFSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGLRPKAMRVKIFNIQVKEVTTSNGETTVANNLTSTVQIFADSSYELPYVMDAGQEGSLPPFPNDVFMVPQYGYCGIVTGENQNQTDRNAFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFEMAYNFEKVPFHSMYAHSQSLDRLMNPLLDQYLWHLQSTTSGETLNQGNAATTFGKIRSGDFAFYRKNWLPGPCVKQQRFSKTASQNYKIPASGGNALLKYDTHYTLNNRWSNIAPGPPMATAGPSDGDFSNAQLIFPGPSVTGNTTTSANNLLFTSEEEIAATNPRDTDMFGQIADNNQNATTAPITGNVTAMGVLPGMVWQNRDIYYQGPIWAKIPHADGHFHPSPLIGGFGLKHPPPQIFIKNTPVPANPATTFTAARVDSFITQYSTGQVAVQIEWEIEKERSKRWNPEVQFTSNYGNQSSMLWAPDTTGKYTEPRVIGSRYLTNHL

an AAV12 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34:

MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDKQLEQGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQQRLATDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRILEPLGLVEEGVKTAPGKKRPLEKTPNRPTNPDSGKAPAKKKQKDGEPADSARRTLDFEDSGAGDGPPEGSSSGEMSHDAEMRAAPGGNAVEAGQGADGVGNASGDWHCDSTWSEGRVTTTSTRTWVLPTYNNHLYLRIGTTANSNTYNGFSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGLRPKSMRVKIFNIQVKEVTTSNGETTVANNLTSTVQIFADSTYELPYVMDAGQEGSFPPFPNDVFMVPQYGYCGVVTGKNQNQTDRNAFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFEVSYQFEKVPFHSMYAHSQSLDRMMNPLLDQYLWHLQSTTTGNSLNQGTATTTYGKITTGDFAYYRKNWLPGACIKQQKFSKNANQNYKIPASGGDALLKYDTHTTLNGRWSNMAPGPPMATAGAGDSDFSNSQLIFAGPNPSGNTTTSSNNLLFTSEEEIATTNPRDTDMFGQIADNNQNATTAPHIANLDAMGIVPGMVWQNRDIYYQGPIWAKVPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQIFIKNTPVPANPNTTFSAARINSFLTQYSTGQVAVQIDWEIQKEHSKRWNPEVQFTSNYGTQNSMLWAPDNAGNYHELRAIGSRFLTHHL

The capsid protein may have at least one mutation, for example, an aminoacid substitution. In some cases, a recombinant adeno-associated viral(rAAV) vector comprises a capsid protein with a mutated tyrosine residuewhich enables to the vector to have improved transduction efficiency ofa target cell, e.g., a retinal bipolar cell (e.g. ON or OFF retinalbipolar cells; rod and cone bipolar cells). In some cases, the rAAVfurther comprises a promoter (e.g., mGluR6, or fragment thereof) capableof driving the expression of a protein of interest in the target cell.

In one embodiment, a mutation may be made in any one or more of tyrosineresidues of the capsid protein of AAV 1-12 or hybrid AAVs. In specificembodiments these are surface exposed tyrosine residues. In a relatedembodiment the tyrosine residues are part of the VP1, VP2, or VP3 capsidprotein. In exemplary embodiments, the mutation may be made at one ormore of the following amino acid residues of an AAV-VP3 capsid protein:Tyr252, Tyr272, Tyr444, Tyr500, Tyr700, Tyr704, Tyr730; Tyr275, Tyr281,Tyr508, Tyr576, Tyr612, Tyr673 or Tyr720. Exemplary mutations aretyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutations including, but not limited to,Y252F, Y272F, Y444F, Y500F, Y700F, Y704F, Y730F, Y275F, Y281F, Y508F,Y576F, Y612G, Y673F and Y720F. In a specific embodiment these mutationsare made in the AAV2 serotype. In some cases, an AAV2 serotype comprisesa Y444F mutation and/or an AAV8 serotype comprises a Y733F mutation,wherein 444 and 733 indicate the location of a point tyrosine mutationof the viral capsid. In further embodiments, such mutated AAV2 and AAV8serotypes encode a light-sensitive protein and also comprise a modifiedmGluR6 promoter to drive expression of such light-sensitive protein.Such AAV vectors are described in, for example, Petrs-Silva et al., Mol.Ther., 2011 19:293-301).

In preferred embodiments, the amino acid mutation is of one or more ofthe surface tyrosine residues (e.g., Y252, Y272, Y444, Y500, Y700, Y704,and Y730 of an AAV2 capsid protein), surface threonine residues (e.g.,T251, T329, T330, T454, T455, T503, T550, T592, T581, T597, T491, T671,T659, T660, T701, T713, and T716 of an AAV2 capsid protein), surfaceserine residues (e.g., S261, S264, S267, S276, S384, S458, S468, S492,S498, S578, S658, S662, S668, S707, S721 of an AAV2 capsid protein),and/or surface lysine residues (e.g., 258, K321, K459, K490, K507, K527,K572, K532, K544, K549, K556, K649, K655, K665, K706 of an AAV2 capsidprotein). These residues are highly conserved between AAV1-AAV12capsids, thus embodiments utilizing AAV1-AAV12 are encompassed hereinand could be readily developed by those of ordinary skill viewing theinstant disclosure. Preferred capsid mutants of the invention increasetransduction efficiency compared with wild-type capsid proteins.

In one aspect, the mutation is a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) atone or more of Y252, Y272, Y444, Y500, Y700, Y704, and Y730 of an AAV2capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. Ina preferred embodiment, the Y to F mutation is at amino acid position444 and/or position 730 of an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalentconserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. In another preferred embodiment,the mutant is a quadruple mutant with Y to F mutations at Y272, Y444,Y500, and Y730. Petrs-Silva, H. et al., “Novel Properties ofTyrosine-mutant AAV2 Vectors in the Mouse Retina,” Mol. Ther., vol.19(2): 293-301 (2011).

In another aspect, the mutation is a threonine (T) to valine (V) at oneor more of T251, T329, T330, T454, T455, T503, T550, T592, T581, T597,T491, T671, T659, T660, T701, T713, and T716 of an AAV2 capsid proteinor an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. In a preferredembodiment, the T to V mutation is at amino acid position 491of an AAV2capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. Inyet another embodiment, the mutant capsid comprises Y to F mutations atY272, Y444, Y500, and Y730, as well as a T to V mutation is at aminoacid position 491of an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conservedresidue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. Kay, C. N. et al., “Targeting Photoreceptorsvia Intravitreal Delivery Using Novel, Capsid-Mutated AAV Vectors,” PLoSOne, vol. 8(4): e62097 (2013).

In another embodiment, the capsid protein is engineered to include theinsert of peptide 7m8 at AAV2⁵⁸⁸, SEQ ID NO: 35: LGETTRP. Dalkara, D. etal., “In Vivo-Directed Evolution of a New Adeno-Associated Virus forTherapeutic Outer Retinal Gene Delivery from the Vitreous,” Sci. Transl.Med. 5(189):ra76 (2013).

In another embodiment, the capsid protein is engineered to include a9-amino acid stretch of a conformationally variable region of the AAV8capsid protein between positions 585 and 593. In some embodiments, thecapsid protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 36, PERTAMSLP. In preferredembodiments, SEQ ID NO: 36 is inserted between positions 585 and 593 ofan AAV2 capsid protein or the equivalent conserved residues of AAV1 orAAV3-12. The capsid proteins comprising this sequence effectivelytransduce ocular cells, preferably bipolar and ganglion cells. In someembodiments, the capsid protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 37, SFSRAVLCD. Inpreferred embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 37 is inserted between positions 585and 593 of an AAV2 capsid protein or the equivalent conserved residuesof AAV1 or AAV3-12. The capsid proteins comprising this sequenceeffectively transduce ocular cells, preferably ON bipolar cells. Cronin,T. et al., “Efficient transduction and optogenetic stimulation ofretinal bipolar cells by a synthetic adeno-associated virus capsid andpromoter,” EMBO Mol. Med., vol. 6(9): 1175-1190 (2014).

In any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules or nucleic acid expressionvectors described herein, the modified mGluR6 promoter is upstream of atransgene to be expressed in the eye. Preferably, the transgene encodesa gene product that increases light sensitivity, increases lightdetection, increases photosensitivity, increases visual evokedpotential, or restores vision in a retina. More preferably, thetransgene is an opsin gene. Examples of opsin genes include, but are notlimited to, channelrhodopsins (e.g., channelrhodopsin-1,channelrhodopsin-2, and Volvox carteri channelrhodopsins 1 or 2),melanopsin, pineal opsin, photopsins, halorhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin,proteorhodopsin, or any functional variants or fragments thereof.Suitable opsin variants may be 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,96%, 97% 98% or 99% identical to the opsin. Preferably, the opsinvariant has at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, or 99% of the functional activity of the opsin. Functional activitycan be measured by any means known in the art, for example, byelectroretinography.

Preferably, the mutation in the capsid protein is a tyrosine tophenylalanine at amino acid position 444. The ordinarily skilled artisancould readily design nucleic acid sequences that encode said mutatedcapsid protein. A nucleic acid sequence for such an exemplary capsidprotein is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 20:

tcagagagagtgtcctcgagccaatctgaaacaataccatcggcagccatacctgatttaaatcatttattgttcaaagatgcagtcatccaaatccacattgaccagatcgcaggcagtgcaagcgtctggcacctttcccatgatatgatgaatgtagcacagtttctgatacgcctttttgacgacagaaacgggttgagattctgacacgggaaagcactctaaacagtctttctgtccgtgagtgaagcagatatttgaattctgattcattctctcgcattgtctgcagggaaacagcatcagattcatgcccacgtgacgagaacatttgttttggtacctgtctgcgtagttgatcgaagcttccgcgtctgacgtcgatggctgcgcaactgactcgcgcacccgtttgggctcacttatatctgcgtcactgggggcgggtcttttcttggctccaccctttttgacgtagaattcatgctccacctcaaccacgtgatcctttgcccaccggaaaaagtctttgacttcctgcttggtgaccttcccaaagtcatgatccagacggcgggtgagttcaaatttgaacatccggtcttgcaacggctgctggtgttcgaaggtcgttgagttcccgtcaatcacggcgcacatgttggtgttggaggtgacgatcacgggagtcgggtctatctgggccgaggacttgcatttctggtccacgcgcaccttgcttcctccgagaatggctttggccgactccacgaccttggcggtcatcttcccctcctcccaccagatcaccatcttgtcgacacagtcgttgaagggaaagttctcattggtccagtttacgcacccgtagaagggcacagtgtgggctatggcctccgcgatgttggtcttcccggtagttgcaggcccaaacagccagatggtgttcctcttgccgaactttttcgtggcccatcccagaaagacggaagccgcatattggggatcgtacccgtttagttccaaaattttataaatccgattgctggaaatgtcctccacgggctgctggcccaccaggtagtcgggggcggttttagtcaggctcataatctttcccgcattgtccaaggcagccttgatttgggaccgcgagttggaggccgcattgaaggagatgtatgaggcctggtcctcctggatccactgcttctccgaggtaatccccttgtccacgagccacccgaccagctccatgtacctggctgaagtttttgatctgatcaccggcgcatcagaattgggattctgattctctttgttctgctcctgcgtctgcgacacgtgcgtcagatgctgcgccaccaaccgtttacgctccgtgagattcaaacaggcgctgaaacaataggaagggagtggatgtcagtgtgtgctgcccgggggctctgactacaggtctcccccttcgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaataatccggaatatttataggtttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagtaaaatacttatttatttgcgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatgatagatctctatcactgatagggagtacttaccttaaatactgttccatattagtccacgcccactggagctcaggctgggttttggggagcaagtaattggggatgtagcactcatccaccaccttgttcccgcctccggcgccatttctggtctttgtgaccgcgaaccagtttggcaaagtcggctcgatcccgcggtaaattctctgaatcagtttttcgcgaatctgactcaggaaacgtcccaaaaccatggatttcaccccggtggtttccacgagcacgtgcatgtggaagtagctctctcccttctcaaattgcacaaagaaaagggcctccggggccttactcacacggcgccattccgtcagaaagtcgcgctgcagcttctcggccacggtcaggggtgcctgctcaatcagattcagatccatgtcagaatctggcggcaactcccattccttctcggccacccagttcacaaagctgtcagaaatgccgggcagatgctcgtcaaggtcgctggggaccttaatcacaatctcgtaa aaccccggcat

In some embodiments, self-complementary AAV vectors may be used in thepresent invention. These vectors feature an inverted repeat genome thatcan fold into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) without the requirement forDNA synthesis or base-pairing between multiple vector genomes.Self-complementary vectors are particularly efficient for transduction,as the vectors hybridize for the priming of transcription, therebyeffectively bypassing the step of converting single-stranded DNA (ssDNAto dsDNA). Self-complementary vectors and methods of their use aredescribed in McCarty et al., Mol. Ther., 2008, 16:1648-1656.

Vectors of particular use for the present invention are shown in FIGS. 1and 2 . Modifications can be readily made by the skilled person in theart using standard DNA recombinant techniques.

The nucleic acid sequence of vector V-032-pFB-AAV-CMV-SV40pA (depictedin FIG. 1 ) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 21:

gacgcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaaaaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagtggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctattcttttgatttataagggattttgccgatttcggcctattggttaaaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaatttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgcggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatacattcaaatatgtatccgctcatgagacaataaccctgataaatgcttcaataatattgaaaaaggaagagtatgagtattcaacatttccgtgtcgcccttattcccttttttgcggcattttgccttcctgtttttgctcacccagaaacgctggtgaaagtaaaagatgctgaagatcagttgggtgcacgagtgggttacatcgaactggatctcaacagcggtaagatccttgagagttttcgccccgaagaacgttttccaatgatgagcacttttaaagttctgctatgtggcgcggtattatcccgtattgacgccgggcaagagcaactcggtcgccgcatacactattctcagaatgacttggttgagtactcaccagtcacagaaaagcatcttacggatggcatgacagtaagagaattatgcagtgctgccataaccatgagtgataacactgcggccaacttacttctgacaacgatcggaggaccgaaggagctaaccgcttttttgcacaacatgggggatcatgtaactcgccttgatcgttgggaaccggagctgaatgaagccataccaaacgacgagcgtgacaccacgatgcctgtagcaatggcaacaacgttgcgcaaactattaactggcgaactacttactctagcttcccggcaacaattaatagactggatggaggcggataaagttgcaggaccacttctgcgctcggcccttccggctggctggtttattgctgataaatctggagccggtgagcgtgggtctcgcggtatcattgcagcactggggccagatggtaagccctcccgtatcgtagttatctacacgacggggagtcaggcaactatggatgaacgaaatagacagatcgctgagataggtgcctcactgattaagcattggtaactgtcagaccaagtttactcatatatactttagattgatttaaaacttcatttttaatttaaaaggatctaggtgaagatcctttttgataatctcatgaccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttccactgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaaggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcgtaatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccaccgctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaagagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactggcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgtccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccacttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacctcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgctgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccgggttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataaggcgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtgcacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctacaccgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagcattgagaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaaggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtcggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttccagggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgtcgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcgatttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcctatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggcctttttacggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgctcacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgattctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtgagctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgaccgagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagcggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcagaccagccgcgtaacctggcaaaatcggttacggttgagtaataaatggatgccctgcgtaagcgggtgtgggcggacaataaagtcttaaactgaacaaaatagatctaaactatgacaataaagtcttaaactagacagaatagttgtaaactgaaatcagtccagttatgctgtgaaaaagcatactggacttttgttatggctaaagcaaactcttcattttctgaagtgcaaattgcccgtcgtattaaagaggggcgtggccaagggcatggtaaagactatattcgcggcgttgtgacaatttaccgaacaactccgcggccgggaagccgatctcggcttgaacgaattgttaggtggcggtacttgggtcgatatcaaagtgcatcacttcttcccgtatgcccaactttgtatagagagccactgcgggatcgtcaccgtaatctgcttgcacgtagatcacataagcaccaagcgcgttggcctcatgcttgaggagattgatgagcgcggtggcaatgccctgcctccggtgctcgccggagactgcgagatcatagatatagatctcactacgcggctgctcaaacctgggcagaacgtaagccgcgagagcgccaacaaccgcttcttggtcgaaggcagcaagcgcgatgaatgtcttactacggagcaagttcccgaggtaatcggagtccggctgatgttgggagtaggtggctacgtctccgaactcacgaccgaaaagatcaagagcagcccgcatggatttgacttggtcagggccgagcctacatgtgcgaatgatgcccatacttgagccacctaactttgttttagggcgactgccctgctgcgtaacatcgttgctgctgcgtaacatcgttgctgctccataacatcaaacatcgacccacggcgtaacgcgcttgctgcttggatgcccgaggcatagactgtacaaaaaaacagtcataacaagccatgaaaaccgccactgcgccgttaccaccgctgcgttcggtcaaggttctggaccagttgcgtgagcgcatacgctacttgcattacagtttacgaaccgaacaggcttatgtcaactgggttcgtgccttcatccgtttccacggtgtgcgtcacccggcaaccttgggcagcagcgaagtcgaggcatttctgtcctggctggcgaacgagcgcaaggtttcggtctccacgcatcgtcaggcattggcggccttgctgttcttctacggcaaggtgctgtgcacggatctgccctggcttcaggagatcggaagacctcggccgtcgcggcgcttgccggtggtgctgaccccggatgaagtggttcgcatcctcggttttctggaaggcgagcatcgtttgttcgcccaggactctagctatagttctagtggttggctacattattgaagcatttatcagggttattgtctcagagcatgcctgcaggcagctgcgcgctcgctcgctcactgaggccgcccgggcgtcgggcgacctttggtcgcccggcctcagtgagcgagcgagcgcgcagagagggagtggccaactccatcactaggggttcctgcggccgcacgcgtgttactagttattaatagtaatcaattacggggtcattagttcatagcccatatatggagttccgcgttacataacttacggtaaatggcccgcctggctgaccgcccaacgacccccgcccattgacgtcaataatgacgtatgttcccatagtaacgccaatagggactttccattgacgtcaatgggtggagtatttacggtaaactgcccacttggcagtacatcaagtgtatcatatgccaagtacgccccctattgacgtcaatgacggtaaatggcccgcctggcattatgcccagtacatgaccttatgggactttcctacttggcagtacatctacgtattagtcatcgctattaccatggtgatgcggttttggcagtacatcaatgggcgtggatagcggtttgactcacggggatttccaagtctccaccccattgacgtcaatgggagtttgttttggcaccaaaatcaacgggactttccaaaatgtcgtaacaactccgccccattgacgcaaatgggcggtaggcgtgtacggtgggaggtctatataagcagagctcgtttagtgaaccgtcagatcgcctggagacgccatccacgctgttttgacctccatagaagacaccgggaccgatccagcctccaaccggttcgaacaggtaagcgcccctaaaatccctttggcacaatgtgtcctgaggggagaggcagcgacctgtagatgggacgggggcactaaccctcagggtttggggttctgaatgtgagtatcgccatgtaagcccagtatttggccaatctcagaaagctcctggctccctggaggatggagagagaaaaacaaacagctcctggagcagggagagtgctggcctcttgctctccggctccctctgttgccctctggtttctccccaggttgaattcgatatcggatccatcgataccgtcgacctcgagggggggcccggtacccaattcgccctatagtgagtcgtattacgcgcgcagcggccgaccatggcccaacttgtttattgcagcttataatggttacaaataaagcaatagcatcacaaatttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtggtttgtccaaactcatcaatgtatcttatcatgtctggatctccggaccacgtgcggaccgagcggccgcaggaacccctagtgatggagttggccactccctctctgcgcgctcgctcgctcactgaggccgggcgaccaaaggtcgcccgacgcccgggctttgcccgggcggcctcagtgagcgagcgagcgcgcagctgcctgcaggaagctgtaagcttgtcgagaagtactagaggatcataatcagccataccacatttgtagaggttttacttgctttaaaaaacctcccacacctccccctgaacctgaaacataaaatgaatgcaattgttgttgttaacttgtttattgcagcttataatggttacaaataaagcaatagcatcacaaatttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtggtttgtccaaactcatcaatgtatcttatcatgtctggatctgatcactgatatcgcctaggagatccgaaccagataagtgaaatctagttccaaactattttgtcatttttaattttcgtattagcttacgacgctacacccagttcccatctattttgtcactcttccctaaataatccttaaaaactccatttccacccctcccagttcccaactattttgtccgcccacagcggggcatttttcttcctgttatgtttttaatcaaacatcctgccaactccatgtgacaaaccgtcatcttcggctactttttctctgtcacagaatgaaaatttttctgtcatctcttcgttattaatgtttgtaattgactgaatatcaacgcttatttgcagcctgaatg gcgaatg

The nucleic acid sequence for the vectorV117-pFB-inCap2-Y444F-inRepOpt-Kan (depicted in FIG. 2 ) is providedbelow in SEQ ID NO: 22:

ttctctgtcacagaatgaaaatttttctgtcatctcttcgttattaatgtttgtaattgactgaatatcaacgcttatttgcagcctgaatggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaaaaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagtggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctattcttttgatttataagggattttgccgatttcggcctattggttaaaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaatttcctgatgcggtattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgccgcatagttaagccagccccgacacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctgacgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttacagacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcatgtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaacgcgcgagacgaaagggcctcgtgatacgcctatttttataggttaatgtcatgataataatggtttcttagacgtcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgcggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatacattcaaatatgtatccgctcatgagacaataaccctgataaatgcttcaataatattgaaaaaggaagagtatgattgaacaagatggattgcacgcaggttctccggccgcttgggtggagaggctattcggctatgactgggcacaacagacaatcggctgctctgatgccgccgtgttccggctgtcagcgcaggggcgcccggttctttttgtcaagaccgacctgtccggtgccctgaatgaactgcaggacgaggcagcgcggctatcgtggctggccacgacgggcgttccttgcgcagctgtgctcgacgttgtcactgaagcgggaagggactggctgctattgggcgaagtgccggggcaggatctcctgtcatctcaccttgctcctgccgagaaagtatccatcatggctgatgcaatgcggcggctgcatacgcttgatccggctacctgcccattcgaccaccaagcgaaacatcgcatcgagcgagcacgtactcggatggaagccggtcttgtcgatcaggatgatctggacgaagagcatcaggggctcgcgccagccgaactgttcgccaggctcaaggcgcgcatgcccgacggcgaggatctcgtcgtgacccatggcgatgcctgcttgccgaatatcatggtggaaaatggccgcttttctggattcatcgactgtggccggctgggtgtggcggaccgctatcaggacatagcgttggctacccgtgatattgctgaagagcttggcggcgaatgggctgaccgcttcctcgtgctttacggtatcgccgctcccgattcgcagcgcatcgccttctatcgccttcttgacgagttcttctgagtaaccgtcagaccaagtttactcatatatactttagattgatttaaaacttcatttttaatttaaaaggatctaggtgaagatccttttgataatctcatgaccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttccactgagcgtcagaccacgtagaaaagatcaaaggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcgtaatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccaccgctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaagagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactggcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgtccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccacttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacctcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgctgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccgggttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataaggcgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtgcacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctacaccgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagcattgagaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaaggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtcggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttccagggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgtcgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcgatttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcctatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggcctttttacggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgctcacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgattctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtgagctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgaccgagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagcggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcagaccagccgcgtaacctggcaaaatcggttacggttgagtaataaatggatgccctgcgtaagcgggtgtgggcggacaataaagtcttaaactgaacaaaatagatctaaactatgacaataaagtcttaaactagacagaatagttgtaaactgaaatcagtccagttatgctgtgaaaaagcatactggacttttgttatggctaaagcaaactcttcattttctgaagtgcaaattgcccgtcgtattaaagaggggcgtggccaagggcatggtaaagactatattcgcggcgttgtgacaatttaccgaacaactccgcggccgggaagccgatctcggcttgaacgaattgttaggtggcggtacttgggtcgatatcaaagtgcatcacttcttcccgtatgcccaactttgtatagagagccactgcgggatcgtcaccgtaatctgcttgcacgtagatcacataagcaccaagcgcgttggcctcatgcttgaggagattgatgagcgcggtggcaatgccctgcctccggtgctcgccggagactgcgagatcatagatatagatctcactacgcggctgctcaaacctgggcagaacgtaagccgcgagagcgccaacaaccgcttcttggtcgaaggcagcaagcgcgatgaatgtcttactacggagcaagttcccgaggtaatcggagtccggctgatgttgggagtaggtggctacgtctccgaactcacgaccgaaaagatcaagagcagcccgcatggatttgacttggtcagggccgagcctacatgtgcgaatgatgcccatacttgagccacctaactttgttttagggcgactgccctgctgcgtaacatcgttgctgctgcgtaacatcgttgctgctccataacatcaaacatcgacccacggcgtaacgcgcttgctgcttggatgcccgaggcatagactgtacaaaaaaacagtcataacaagccatgaaaaccgccactgcgccgttaccaccgctgcgttcggtcaaggttctggaccagttgcgtgagcgcatacgctacttgcattacagtttacgaaccgaacaggcttatgtcaactgggttcgtgccttcatccgtttccacggtgtgcgtcacccggcaaccttgggcagcagcgaagtcgaggcatttctgtcctggctggcgaacgagcgcaaggtttcggtctccacgcatcgtcaggcattggcggccttgctgttcttctacggcaaggtgctgtgcacggatctgccctggcttcaggagatcggtagacctcggccgtcgcggcgcttgccggtggtgctgaccccggatgaagtggttcgcatcctcggttttctggaaggcgagcatcgtttgttcgcccaggactctagctatagttctagtggttggcctacgtacccgtagtggctatggcagggcttgccgccccgacgttggctgcgagccctgggccttcacccgaacttgggggttggggtggggaaaaggaagaaacgcgggcgtattggtcccaatggggtctcggtggggtatcgacagagtgccagccctgggaccgaaccccgcgtttatgaacaaacgacccaacacccgtgcgttttattctgtctttttattgccgtcatagcgcgggttccttccggtattgtctccttccgtgtttcagttagcctcccccatctcccggtaccgcatgctccttcagagagagtgtcctcgagccaatctgaaacaataccatcggcagccatacctgatttaaatcatttattgttcaaagatgcagtcatccaaatccacattgaccagatcgcaggcagtgcaagcgtctggcacctttcccatgatatgatgaatgtagcacagtttctgatacgcctttttgacgacagaaacgggttgagattctgacacgggaaagcactctaaacagtctttctgtccgtgagtgaagcagatatttgaattctgattcattctctcgcattgtctgcagggaaacagcatcagattcatgcccacgtgacgagaacatttgttttggtacctgtctgcgtagttgatcgaagcttccgcgtctgacgtcgatggctgcgcaactgactcgcgcacccgtttgggctcacttatatctgcgtcactgggggcgggtcttttcttggctccaccctttttgacgtagaattcatgctccacctcaaccacgtgatcctttgcccaccggaaaaagtctttgacttcctgcttggtgaccttcccaaagtcatgatccagacggcgggtgagttcaaatttgaacatccggtcttgcaacggctgctggtgttcgaaggtcgttgagttcccgtcaatcacggcgcacatgttggtgttggaggtgacgatcacgggagtcgggtctatctgggccgaggacttgcatttctggtccacgcgcaccttgcttcctccgagaatggctttggccgactccacgaccttggcggtcatcttcccctcctcccaccagatcaccatcttgtcgacacagtcgttgaagggaaagttctcattggtccagtttacgcacccgtagaagggcacagtgtgggctatggcctccgcgatgttggtcttcccggtagttgcaggcccaaacagccagatggtgttcctcttgccgaactttttcgtggcccatcccagaaagacggaagccgcatattggggatcgtacccgtttagttccaaaattttataaatccgattgctggaaatgtcctccacgggctgctggcccaccaggtagtcgggggcggttttagtcaggctcataatctttcccgcattgtccaaggcagccttgatttgggaccgcgagttggaggccgcattgaaggagatgtatgaggcctggtcctcctggatccactgcttctccgaggtaatccccttgtccacgagccacccgaccagctccatgtacctggctgaagtttttgatctgatcaccggcgcatcagaattgggattctgattctctttgttctgctcctgcgtctgcgacacgtgcgtcagatgctgcgccaccaaccgtttacgctccgtgagattcaaacaggcgctgaaacaataggaagggagtggatgtcagtgtgtgctgcccgggggctctgactacaggtctcccccttcgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaataatccggaatatttataggtttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagtaaaatacttatttatttgcgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatgatagatctctatcactgatagggagtacttaccttaaatactgttccatattagtccacgcccactggagctcaggctgggttttggggagcaagtaattggggatgtagcactcatccaccaccttgttcccgcctccggcgccatttctggtctttgtgaccgcgaaccagtttggcaaagtcggctcgatcccgcggtaaattctctgaatcagtttttcgcgaatctgactcaggaaacgtcccaaaaccatggatttcaccccggtggtttccacgagcacgtgcatgtggaagtagctctctcccttctcaaattgcacaaagaaaagggcctccggggccttactcacacggcgccattccgtcagaaagtcgcgctgcagcttctcggccacggtcaggggtgcctgctcaatcagattcagatccatgtcagaatctggcggcaactcccattccttctcggccacccagttcacaaagctgtcagaaatgccgggcagatgctcgtcaaggtcgctggggaccttaatcacaatctcgtaaaaccccggcatggcgggtagggtgatcaagtcttcgtcgagtgattgtaaataaaatgtaatttacagtatagtattttaattaatatacaaatgatttgataataattcttatttaactataatatattgtgttgggttgaattaaaggtccgtagctttcgaatctaggctcaagcagtgatcagatccagacatgataagatacattgatgagtttggacaaaccacaactagaatgcagtgaaaaaaatgctttatttgtgaaatttgtgatgctattgctttatttgtaaccattataagctgcaataaacaagttaacaacaacaattgcattcattttatgtttcaggttcagggggaggtgtgggaggttttttaaagcaagtaaaacctctacaaatgtggtatggctgattatgatcctctagtacttctcgacaagctgtagccatggaaactagataagaaagaaatacgcagagaccaaagttcaactgaaacgaattaaacggtttattgattaacaagcaattacagattacgagtcaggtatctggtgccaatggggcgaggctctgaatacacgccattagtgtccacagtaaagtccacattaacagacttgttgtagttggaagtgtactgaatttcgggattccagcgtttgctgttttccttctgcagctcccactcgatctccacgctgacctgtcccgtggagtactgtgtgatgaaggaagcaaactttgccgcactgaaggtggtcgaaggattcgcaggtaccggggtgttcttgatgagaatctgtggaggagggtgtttaagtccgaatccacccatgaggggagaggggtgaaaatgtccgtccgtgtgtggaatctttgcccagatgggcccctgaaggtacacatctctgtcctgccagaccatgcctggaagaacgccttgtgtgttgacatctgcggtagctgcttgtctgttgcctctctggaggttggtagatacagaaccatactgctccgtagccacgggattggttgtcctgatttcctcttcgtctgtaatcatgaccttttcaatgtccacatttgttttctctgagccttgcttcccaaagatgagaaccccgctctgaggaaaaaacttttcttcatcgtccttgtggcttgccatggccgggcccggattcaccagagagtctctgccattgaggtggtacttggtagctccagtccacgagtattcactgttgttgttatccgcagatgtctttgatactcgctgctggcggtaacagggtccaggaagccagttcctagactggtcccgaatgtcactcgctccggcctgagaaaactgaagccttgactgcgtggtggttccacttggagtgtttgttctgcttaagaaatacaggtactggtcgatgagaggattcatgagacggtccagactctggctgtgagcgtagctgctgtggaaaggaacgtcctcaaaagtgtagctgaaggtaaagttgtttccggtacgcagcatctgagaaggaaagtactccaggcagtaaaatgaagagcgtcctactgcctgactcccgttgttcagggtgaggtatccatactgtggcaccatgaagacgtctgctgggaacggcgggaggcatccttgatgcgccgagccgaggacgtacgggagctggtactccgagtcagtaaacacctgaaccgtgctggtaaggttattggcaatcgtcgtcgtaccgtcattctgcgtgacctctttgacttgaatgttaaagagcttgaagttgagtctcttgggtcggaatccccagttgttgttgatgagtctttgccagtcacgtggtgaaaagtggcagtggaatctgttgaagtcaaaatacccccaaggggtgctgtagccaaagtagtgattgtcgttcgaggctcctgattggctggaaatttgtttgtagaggtggttgttgtaggtgggcagggcccaggttcgggtgctggtggtgatgactctgtcgcccatccatgtggaatcgcaatgccaatttcccgaggaattacccactccgtcggcgccctcgttattgtctgccattggtgcgccactgcctgtagccatcgtattagttcccagaccagagggggctgctggtggctgtccgagaggctgggggtcaggtactgagtctgcgtctccagtctgaccaaaattcaatctttttcttgcaggctgctggcccgcctttccggttcccgaggaggagtctggctccacaggagagtgctctaccggcctcttttttcccggagccgtcttaacaggttcctcaaccaggcccagaggttcaagaaccctctttttcgcctggaagactgctcgtccgaggttgcccccaaaagacgtatcttctttaaggcgctcctgaaactccgcgtcggcgtggttgtacttgaggtacgggttgtctccgctgtcgagctgccggtcgtaggctttgtcgtgctcgagggccgcggcgtctgcctcgttgaccggctctcccttgtcgagtccgttgaagggtccgaggtacttgtacccaggaagcacaagacccctgctgtcgtccttatgccgctctgcgggctttggtggtggtgggccaggtttgagcttccaccactgtcttattccttcagagagagtgtcctcgagccaatctgaaacaataggaagggagtggatgtcagtgtgtgctgcccgggggctctgactacaggtctcccccttcgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaataatccggaatatttataggtttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagtaaaatacttatttatttgcgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatgatagatctctatcactgatagggagtacttacctggaagataaccatcggcagccatcttaacaggatccgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaataatccggaatatttataggtttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagtaaaatacttatttatttgcgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatgatctattaatattccggagtatacctaggagatccgaaccagataagtgaaatctagttccaaactattttgtcatttttaattttcgtattagcttacgacgctacacccagttcccatctattttgtcactcttccctaaataatccttaaaaactccatttccacccctcccagttcccaactattttgtccgcccacagcggggcatttttcttcctgttatgtttttaatcaaacatcctgccaactccatgtgacaaaccgtcatcttcggctacttt

Any of a variety of other vectors adapted for expression of anylight-sensitive protein in a cell of the eye, particularly within aretinal cell, more particularly within a non-photoreceptor cell (e.g.amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, retinal bipolar cells, (ON orOFF cone retinal bipolar cells; rod bipolar cells)), are within thescope of the present invention. Gene delivery vectors can be viral(e.g., derived from or containing sequences of viral DNA or RNA,preferably packaged within a viral particle), or non-viral (e.g., notpackaged within a viral particle, including “naked” polynucleotides,nucleic acid associated with a carrier particle such as a liposome ortargeting molecule, and the like).

Therapeutic Uses

The advantages of using gene regulatory elements, such as thoseencompassed by the present invention, that direct the expression to aspecific subset of retinal eyes is to accurately recapitulate the visualprocessing signals from the ON and OFF pathways to improve or restorephotosensitivity, and thereby improving or restoring vision.

Visual information is processed through the retina through two pathways:an ON pathway which signals the light ON, and an OFF pathway whichsignals the light OFF. The existence of the ON and OFF pathway isimportant for the enhancement of contrast sensitivity. The visual signalin the ON pathway is relay from ON-cone bipolar cells to ON ganglioncells. Both ON-cone bipolar cells and ON-ganglion cells are depolarizedin response to light. On the other hand, the visual signal in the OFFpathway is carried from OFF-cone bipolar cells to OFF ganglion cells.Both OFF-cone bipolar cells and OFF-ganglion cells are hypopolarized inresponse to light. Rod bipolar cells, which are responsible for theability to see in dim light (scotopic vision), are ON bipolar cells(depolarized in response to light). Rod bipolar cells relay the visionsignal through AII amacrine cells (an ON type retinal cells) to ON anOFF cone bipolar cells.

Accordingly, a dual rhodopsin system can be used to recapitulate the ONand OFF pathways integral to visual processing and acuity. Briefly, aChR2 or Chop2 protein can be specifically targeted to ON type retinalneurons (e.g., ON type ganglion cells and/or ON type bipolar cells),while a hypopolarizing light sensor (e.g., halorhodopsin or otherchloride pump or proton pump, preferably Arch, ArchT, Jaws known in theart, as well as variants known in the art or yet to be identified) canbe targeted to OFF type retinal neurons (e.g. OFF type ganglion cellsand/or OFF type bipolar cells) to create ON and OFF pathways. Analternative approach to restore ON and OFF pathways in the retina isachieved by, expressing a depolarizing light sensor, such as ChR2, torod bipolar cells or AII amacrine. In this approach, the depolarizationof rod bipolar cells or AII amacrine cells can lead to the ON and OFFresponses at the levels of cone bipolar cells and the downstream retinalganglion cells. Thus, the ON and OFF pathways that are inherent in theretina are restored or maintained.

The present invention can be used in methods for increasingphotosensitivity, increasing phototransduction, increasing visual evokedpotential (VEP), or improving or restoring vision. Tests are known inthe art for quantifying photosensitivity and visual evoked potential,including electroretinography (ERG) analysis. Visual and behavior testscan be utilized to determine improvements or restoration of vision.Behavior tests include maze tests and the swimming test. Visual tests,such as the Snellen chart and visual field testing, are utilized todetermine improved or restored vision. Such tests can be readilyperformed by a clinical practitioner. As used herein, “increasing” ismeant in reference to before treatment or in comparison to one that hasnot undergone treatment, e.g., ocular gene therapy.

The present invention can be formulated to a pharmaceutical compositionor medicament suitable for administration into a subject or patient.Suitable routes of administration include, for example, intravitreal,intraocular, or subretinal injection. Preferably, the route ofadministration is by intravitreal injection. All retinal neurons,including retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells,amacrine cells, and photoreceptor cells are known to be reasonablywell-accessible to intravitreal injection as disclosed herein.Intravitreal and/or subretinal injection can provide the necessaryaccess to the bipolar cells, especially in circumstances in which thephotoreceptor cell layer is absent due to degeneration.

Such formulations comprise a pharmaceutically and/or physiologicallyacceptable vehicle, diluent, carrier, or excipient, such as bufferedsaline or other buffers, e.g., HEPES, to maintain physiologic pH. For adiscussion of such components and their formulation, see, generally,Gennaro, A.E., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers; 2003 or latest edition). Seealso, WO00/15822. If the preparation is to be stored for long periods,it may be frozen, for example, in the presence of glycerol.

In one embodiment, the constructs or nucleic acid expression vectorsdescribed herein are packaged in adenoviral vectors for transgenedelivery. An effective amount of rAAV virions carrying a transgene underthe control of the modified mGluR6 promoter is preferably in the rangeof between about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹³ rAAV infectious units in a volume ofbetween about 150 and about 800 µl per injection. The rAAV infectiousunits can be measured according to McLaughlin, SK et al., 1988, J.Virol. 62:1963. More preferably, the effective amount is between about10¹⁰ and about 10¹² rAAV infectious units and the injection volume ispreferably between about 250 and about 500 µl. Other dosages andvolumes, preferably within these ranges but possibly outside them, maybe selected by the treating professional, taking into account thephysical state of the subject (preferably a human), who is beingtreated, including, age, weight, general health, and the nature andseverity of the particular ocular disorder.

It may also be desirable to administer additional doses (“boosters”) ofthe present nucleic acid(s) or rAAV compositions. For example, dependingupon the duration of the transgene expression within the ocular targetcell, a second treatment may be administered after 6 months or yearly,and may be similarly repeated. Neutralizing antibodies to AAV are notexpected to be generated in view of the routes and doses used, therebypermitting repeat treatment rounds.

The need for such additional doses can be monitored by the treatingprofessional using, for example, well-known electrophysiological andother retinal and visual function tests and visual behavior tests. Thetreating professional will be able to select the appropriate testsapplying routine skill in the art. It may be desirable to inject largervolumes of the composition in either single or multiple doses to furtherimprove the relevant outcome parameters.

Ocular Disorders

The term treatment includes, but is not limited to, arresting,inhibiting, or reversing the progression of an ocular disease ordisorder. Preferred indicators of successful treatment are thepreservation of existing vision or improvement of vision compared tovision before treatment.

The ocular disorders for which the present nucleic acids and vectors,are intended and may be used to improve one or more parameters of visioninclude, but are not limited to, developmental abnormalities that affectboth anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Anterior segmentdisorders include glaucoma, cataracts, corneal dystrophy, andkeratoconus. Posterior segment disorders include blinding disorderscaused by photoreceptor malfunction and/or death caused by retinaldystrophies and degenerations.

A nonlimiting list of ocular diseases that may benefit from the methodsdescribed herein include, but are not limited to, retinoblastoma, ocularmelanoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, anyinflammation of the ocular tissues (i.e., chorioretinal inflammation,scleritis, keratitis, uveitis, etc.), or infection (i.e., bacterial orviral). Angiogenesis-related eye diseases include, but are not limitedto age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cornealneovascularizing diseases, retinal angiomatous proliferation, polypoidalchoroidal vasculopathy, ischemia-induced neovascularizing retinopathy,extreme or high myopia, and retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinal disorders include congenital stationary night blindness, maculardegeneration, age-related macular degeneration, congenital conedystrophies, and a large group of retinitis-pigmentosa (RP)-relateddisorders. These disorders include genetically pre-disposed death ofphotoreceptor cells—rods and cones in the retina-occurring at variousages. Among those are severe retinopathies, such as subtypes of RPitself that progresses with age and causes blindness in childhood andearly adulthood and RP-associated diseases, such as genetic subtypes ofLeber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA), which frequently results in loss ofvision during childhood, as early as the first year of life. The latterdisorders are generally characterized by severe reduction, and oftencomplete loss of photoreceptor cells, rods and cones. (Trabulsi, EI,ed., Genetic Diseases of the Eye, Oxford University Press, NY, 1998).

Ocular neovascularization is a widespread cause of vision loss that mayalso be treated using the optimized enhancers, promoters, and vectors ofthe present invention. It can occur in a number of proliferative retinaldiseases including, but not limited to, diabetic retinopathy, dry(atrophic) and wet (neovascular or exudative) age-related maculardegeneration (AMD), retinal artery or vein occlusion, glaucoma, andother inherited retinal degenerations, uveitis, retinal detachment, andeye cancers (ocular melanoma and retinoblastoma), and retinopathy ofprematurity (ROP).

In particular, the optimized enhancers, promoters, and vectors of thepresent invention useful for expressing transgenes for the treatmentand/or restoration of at least partial vision to subjects that have lostvision due to ocular disorders, such as RPE-associated retinopathies,which are characterized by a long-term preservation of ocular tissuestructure despite loss of function and by the association betweenfunction loss and the defect or absence of a normal gene in the ocularcells of the subject. A variety of such ocular disorders are known, suchas childhood onset blinding diseases, retinitis pigmentosa, maculardegeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, as well as ocular blindingdiseases known in the art. It is anticipated that these other disorders,as well as blinding disorders of presently unknown causation which laterare characterized by the same description as above, may also besuccessfully treated by the transgenes expressed by the nucleic acidsand vectors of the present invention.

Thus, the particular ocular disorder treated by the present inventionmay include the above-mentioned disorders and a number of diseases whichhave yet to be so characterized.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Generation of Optimized mGluR6 Promoter Constructs

A series of AAV2 expression cassettes were constructed with thecombination of sequences of the mGluR6 promoter, the 200 bp mGluR6enhancer, and intron sequences of the mGluR6 gene, carrying a transgene.The transgene was either reporter mCherry or GFP-fusedchannelrhodopsin-2 (GFP-ChR2), ChR2 alone.

Two optimized mGluR6 promoter constructs are shown in FIG. 3 (I4) andFIG. 4 (I1a) for driving expression of a transgene. The transgene is,for example, a reporter gene, mCherry. The I4 construct comprises anoptimized promoter with the 200bp mGluR6 enhancer sequence locatedupstream of a 500 bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter. The I1a constructcomprises an optimized promoter with intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene locatedupstream of intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene, intron 3 of the mGluR6 genelocated upstream of the 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer sequence, and the mGluR6enhancer sequence located upstream of a 500 bp fragment of the mGluR6promoter.

AAV2 serotype 2 vectors with an Y444F capsid mutation were packaged andaffinity purified at Virovek (Hayward, CA).

Example 2: In Vivo Expression in the Retina

Recombinant AAV-mediated expression of a transgene by the two optimizedmGluR6 promoters shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 were tested in mice.

Briefly, 1-month-old C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized by intraperitonealinjection of a mixture of 120 mg/kg ketamine and 15 mg/kg xylazine.Under a dissecting microscope, a small perforation was made in thetemporal sclera region with a needle. A total of 1 µl viral vectorsolution at the concentration of 1 × 10¹³ vg/ml was injected into theintravitreal space through the hole with a Hamilton syringe. One monthafter the injection, the mice were killed to examine the expressionpatterns of transgene.

Retinal whole-mounts or vertical sections were blocked for 1 h in asolution containing 5% Chemiblocker (membrane-blocking agent; Chemicon,Brica, MA, USA), 0.5% Triton X-100 and 0.05% sodium azide (Sigma). Theprimary antibodies were diluted in the same solution and appliedovernight, followed by incubation (1 h) in the secondary antibodies,which were conjugated to Alexa 594 (1:600, red fluorescence, MolecularProbes), Alexa 488 (1:600, green fluorescence, Molecular Probes). Thefollowing antibodies were used in this study: rabbit anti-mCherry(1:500, 632496, Clontech); rabbit anti-PKC (1:20000, 2056, Cell Signal).

All images were made using a Zeiss Axioplan 2 microscope with theApotome oscillating grating to reduce out-of-focus stray light. Z-stackimages were captured and image projections were made by collapsingindividual z-stacks of optical sections into a single plane. To createthe merged images for double labeling, the red and green or bluechannels for each individual optical section were combined and themerged z-optical sections were collapsed into a single plane. Thebrightness and contrast were adjusted using Adobe Photoshop CS4.

Retinal whole mounts from mice injected with I4 and I1a-containingvirions are shown in FIGS. 5A-5F. The mCherry expression at the axonterminals of bipolar cells was detected in the ganglion cell layer(FIGS. 5A and 5D), as well as the expression at the bipolar cell bodiesin the inner nuclear layer (FIGS. 5B and 5D). FIGS. 5C and 5Fdemonstrate the mCherry staining viewed from retinal vertical sections.Thus, FIGS. 5A-5F show that both optimized mGluR6 promoter constructsefficiently and selectively expressed the transgene in bipolar cells inthe retinas of mice. Furthermore, the expression level of 11a was shownto be two to three times higher than that of I4.

Example 3: Transgene Expression Targeting

Further immunostaining analysis demonstrated the targeting of transgeneexpression by the optimized mGluR6 promoters. Specifically, the retinalwhole-mount sections obtained as described in Example 2 were co-stainedwith anti-PKC. PKC is a rod bipolar cell marker. mCherry and PKCstaining in the retinal whole mount are shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B,respectively, while staining in vertical sections are shown in FIGS. 6Dand 6E, respectively. The merged images in FIGS. 6C and 6F show thatco-labeling between the mGluR6-driven mCherry-expressing cells and thePKC-expressing cells in up to 58% of the rod bipolar cells. Theseresults indicate that the optimized mGluR6 is able to target transgeneexpression to rod bipolar cells after intravitreal injection.

Other Embodiments

While the invention has been described in conjunction with the detaileddescription thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrateand not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scopeof the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications arewithin the scope of the following claims.

The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes theknowledge that is available to those with skill in the art. All UnitedStates patents and published or unpublished United States patentapplications cited herein are incorporated by reference. All publishedforeign patents and patent applications cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference. All other published references, documents,manuscripts, and scientific literature cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the scope of the inventionencompassed by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) or a recombinantadeno-associated virus (rAAV) expression vector comprising a nucleicacid sequence encoding a capsid protein, a nucleic acid sequence of anmGluR6 promoter comprising SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence having at least70% identity thereto, operably linked to a transgene encoding an opsinselected from the group consisting of a channelrhodopsin, ahalorhodopsin, and a melanopsin.
 2. The expression vector of claim 1,wherein the expression vector comprises an mGluR6 promoter comprising anucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO:
 6. 3.The expression vector of claim 1, wherein the expression vectorcomprises an mGluR6 promoter comprising a nucleic acid sequence havingat least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:
 6. 4. The expression vector of claim1, wherein the expression vector comprises an mGluR6 promoter comprisingthe nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 6. 5. The expression vector ofclaim 1, wherein the vector further comprises an mGluR6 enhancercomprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a sequencehaving at least 70% identity thereto.
 6. The expression vector of claim1, wherein the vector further comprises an mGluR6 enhancer comprisingthe nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a sequence having at least80% identity thereto.
 7. The expression vector of claim 1, wherein thevector further comprises an mGluR6 enhancer comprising the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a sequence having at least 90% identitythereto.
 8. The expression vector of claim 1, wherein thechannelrhodopsin is selected from the group consisting of Chop1 (SEQ IDNO: 11), Chop2 (SEQ ID NO: 12), Chop2 315 aa fragment (SEQ ID NO: 13),vChR1 (SEQ ID NO: 14), and vChR2 (SEQ ID NO: 15), or an amino acidsequence having at least 90% identity thereto.
 9. The expression vectorof claim 1, wherein the halorhodopsin is NpHR (SEQ ID NO: 16) or eNpHR.10. The expression vector of claim 1, wherein the melanopsin is a humanmelanopsin (SEQ ID NO: 18), or an amino acid sequence having at least90% identity thereto.
 11. The expression vector of claim 1, wherein thevector is a recombinant AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8,AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, or AAV12 vector.
 12. The expression vector of claim11, wherein the vector is a recombinant AAV2 vector.
 13. The expressionvector of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the capsid proteinis selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 23-35.
 14. Theexpression vector of claim 12, wherein the capsid protein comprises apeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO:36, and SEQ ID NO:
 37. 15. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) or arecombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) expression vector comprising anucleic acid sequence encoding a capsid protein, a nucleic acid sequenceof an mGluR6 promoter comprising SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence having atleast 70% identity thereto, operably linked to a transgene encoding ahuman melanopsin (SEQ ID NO: 18), or an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% identity thereto.
 16. The expression vector of claim 15,wherein the vector further comprises an mGluR6 enhancer comprising thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a sequence having at least 70%identity thereto.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising theexpression vector of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrieror excipient.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 17, whereinthe composition is formulated for intravitreal delivery.
 19. Apharmaceutical composition comprising the expression vector of claim 15,and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 20. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein the composition isformulated for intravitreal delivery.